Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants used SMART for 12 weeks to improve metabolic health.

SMART Intervention

Using an uncontrolled pre–post design, 29 out-patients of an endocrinology mental health clinic and two community-based rehabilitation mental health facilities used SMART for 12 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Digital intervention improves metabolic health in schizophrenia

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received a phone with the Diabetes-M app only.

Medical App (MA) group

In addition to the usual care provided by their GPs, the participants randomized to the intervention group I—Medical App (MA) group received a phone with the Diabetes-M app only.

Participants received the phone with the Diabetes-M app and telehealth education and counseling by a trained Diabetes nurse educationist.

Medical App + Health Counseling (MA-HC) group

The intervention group II—Medical App + Health Counseling (MA-HC) group received the phone with the Diabetes-M app and telehealth education and counseling by a trained Diabetes nurse educationist.

Participants continued to receive their usual care which included taking their regular medications and three-monthly visits with their general practitioner (GP).

Usual care from their provider

All participants continued to receive the usual care for the duration of the study which includes clinic visits every 3 months and taking their recommended medications.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: metric or comparison basis conflict.

Digital telehealth improves diabetes management outcomes.

Usual Care

Participants received usual care without the mHealth intervention.

Participants were block randomized into usual care or one of four experimental conditions.

Patients using the app individually without clinician or peer engagement.

T1 - Individual Use

Patients using the app individually without clinician or peer engagement ( n = 5)

Patients using the app with clinician engagement features.

T2 - Clinician Engagement

Patients using the app with clinician engagement features ( n = 5)

Patients using the app with peer engagement features.

T3 - Peer Engagement

Patients using the app with peer engagement features ( n = 6)

Patients using the app with both clinician engagement and peer engagement features.

T4 - Clinician and Peer Engagement

Patients using the app with both clinician engagement and peer engagement features ( n = 6)

Gamified mHealth app improves diabetes management

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Control Group (CG)

Participants received a regular educational group course plus the use of the DM2CUA app, which prompted them to engage in educational tasks.

Intervention Group (IG)

People with type 2 diabetes in the intervention group (IG) received the same course plus the use of the DM2CUA app.

Participants received a regular educational group course without the DM2CUA app.

People with type 2 diabetes in the control group (CG) received a regular educational group course.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Mobile app improves diabetes self-management education

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 1 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Mobile app for diabetes self-management × Diabetes self-management behaviors

Available supporting studies

Digital intervention improves metabolic health in schizophrenia

Digital telehealth improves diabetes management outcomes.

Gamified mHealth app improves diabetes management

Mobile app improves diabetes self-management education