Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not reported in the authoritative source.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Comparator group

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: population, design, risk_of_bias.

Metformin as first-line therapy, followed by empagliflozin 10 mg as second-line therapy, and tirzepatide 10 mg as third-line therapy.

Intervention group

Metformin as first-line therapy, followed by empagliflozin 10 mg as second-line therapy, and liraglutide 1.8 mg as third-line therapy.

Metformin as first-line therapy, followed by empagliflozin 10 mg as second-line therapy, and semaglutide 1.0 mg as third-line therapy.

Metformin as first-line therapy, followed by empagliflozin 10 mg as second-line therapy, and dulaglutide 3.0 mg as third-line therapy.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing timepoint.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Early use of effective therapies may improve diabetes outcomes

Metformin Group

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Patients received semaglutide as part of their treatment regimen.

Semaglutide Group

Patients received either semaglutide, up to 1 mg subcutaneous (sc) weekly, or dulaglutide, up to 1.5 mg sc weekly, as the standard of care in addition to their usual medication regimen.

Patients received dulaglutide as part of their treatment regimen.

Dulaglutide Group

Patients received metformin as the control treatment.

Twenty subjects with T2DM and obesity were started on metformin and a diet and served as the control group.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

GLP-1 agonists reduce heart fat thickness in diabetes.

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received 50 mg of vildagliptin orally twice daily.

Vildagliptin Group

The first group (117 patients) received 50 mg of vildagliptin orally twice daily.

Patients received 500 mg of metformin orally twice daily with meals, with dosage adjustable.

The second group (129 patients) received 500 mg of metformin orally twice daily with meals, and the dosage could be gradually increased by 500 mg per week, up to a maximum daily dose of 2000 mg.

Vildagliptin and Metformin Improve Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Metformin × BMI

Available supporting studies

Early use of effective therapies may improve diabetes outcomes

GLP-1 agonists reduce heart fat thickness in diabetes.

Vildagliptin and Metformin Improve Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes