Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received standard diabetes management including a glucose meter and monitoring logbook.

Conventional diabetes management

G1 participated in conventional diabetes management. They were provided with the Dnurse He pro wisdom, a standard portable glucose meter developed by Beijing Dnurse Technology Co., Ltd. based in Beijing, China, and a blood glucose monitoring logbook.

Participants received standard management plus weekly phone reminders for self-monitoring.

Telephone Follow-Up Group

G2 participants received the same materials as G1, along with weekly phone reminders to consistently self-monitor their blood glucose levels.

Participants used a smart glucose meter and the Dnurse App for self-management.

App Group

The participants in G3 were provided with the Dnurse SPUG mobile blood glucose and uric acid tester, a smart blood glucose meter developed by Beijing Dnurse Technology Co., Ltd.

Participants received both the app and weekly phone reminders.

App & Telephone Follow-Up Group

G4 received the same materials and training as G3, along with weekly phone reminders similar to those given to G2.

Diabetes APP may improve blood glucose control in T2DM patients

Usual care

Patients received education through social networks and digital tools in a structured program of healthy lifestyle changes.

Digital Intervention Group

Patients were randomized to digital intervention or usual care. The intervention group received education through social networks and digital tools in a structured program of healthy lifestyle changes.

Patients received standard care with visits to specialists every 3 months.

In the control group, visits to the specialists (ie, endocrinologist) occurred every 3 months and included diabetes education intervention by the nursing staff.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Digital intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Routine Care Group

Participants received 7 weeks of telehealth self-care messages.

Telehealth Group

Participants were randomized to receive 7 weeks of telehealth self-care messages.

Participants received usual care, including a PCP visit and educational handouts.

The remaining (n=75) were assigned to the routine care group.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Phone-delivered diabetes education improves self-care behaviors

Women with a history of gestational diabetes receiving a structured lifestyle intervention aimed at weight reduction and diabetes prevention.

Intensive lifestyle intervention

A total of 1180 women with a recent history of GDM... were randomized to either an intensive lifestyle intervention (n = 592) or usual care (n = 588) 1–5 years postpartum.

Women with a history of gestational diabetes receiving general information about diabetes awareness and lifestyle changes without a structured program.

The women in the usual care group were given general oral and written information about diabetes awareness, dietary modification, and physical activity increase at baseline and subsequent annual visits.

Usual care × BMI

Available supporting studies

Diabetes APP may improve blood glucose control in T2DM patients

Digital intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Phone-delivered diabetes education improves self-care behaviors

Weight loss reduces postpartum diabetes risk in women with gestational diabetes