Key finding
We found no effect of the intervention on UPF consumption.
The HAPPY Trial investigated the impact of a mobile health dietary education intervention on ultra-processed food consumption in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding no significant effect.
Evidence strength
Moderate confidence
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
Population
Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Male, Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes
Intervention
mHealth dietary education intervention
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Primary outcome
Ultra-processed food consumption
Comparator
Standard care without the intervention
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The HAPPY Trial investigated the impact of a mobile health dietary education intervention on ultra-processed food consumption in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding no significant effect.
Understanding the effectiveness of dietary interventions is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes, as high consumption of ultra-processed foods can negatively impact health. This study highlights the challenges in changing dietary habits through mobile health interventions, suggesting that further research is needed to identify effective strategies for this population.
The effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to lack of significant findings. The sample size and characteristics may limit generalizability. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Valeria C, Linnea S, Ylva TL, Stephanie EB. Effect of a Mobile Health Dietary Education Intervention on Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the HAPPY Trial. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2025;9(6):107454. doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107454
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The intervention group had a UPF percentage contribution of 21.5% at baseline.
At the 3-month follow-up, the UPF percentage contribution in the intervention group decreased to 19.7%.
No significant effect of the intervention on overall UPF consumption was found.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to mHealth dietary education intervention and Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake, UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline, UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
mHealth dietary education intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
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Related topics
3
Evidence pairs
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Related studies
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
mHealth dietary education intervention → Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake
mHealth dietary education intervention → Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake
Evidence profile
mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline
mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline
Evidence profile
mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up
mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up
Evidence profile
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline, mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention
Contributes to mHealth dietary education intervention evidence base.
All studies measuring UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline
Measures UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline as a key outcome.
All studies measuring UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up
Measures UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
mHealth dietary education intervention appears to improve UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
mHealth dietary education intervention appears to improve UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of mHealth dietary education intervention for Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake.
ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake
EvidenceScore™ Limited | EvidenceScore™ 34.2 | neutral | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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