Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Placebo

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Drug-naïve adolescents receiving empagliflozin for 26 weeks.

Empagliflozin 10 mg

Drug-naïve adolescents and those not on active therapy received the SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin for 26 weeks.

Drug-naïve adolescents receiving linagliptin for 26 weeks.

Linagliptin 5 mg

Drug-naïve adolescents and those not on active therapy received the DPP-4 inhibitor linagliptin for 26 weeks.

Drug-naïve adolescents receiving placebo for 26 weeks.

Participants from DINAMO + DINAMO MONO (hereinafter referred to as adolescents) were randomized to placebo (n = 9).

Young adults receiving empagliflozin for 24 weeks.

Empagliflozin 10 mg or 25 mg

Young adults were randomized to empagliflozin 10 or 25 mg for 24 weeks.

Young adults receiving sitagliptin for 24 weeks.

Sitagliptin 100 mg

Young adults were randomized to sitagliptin 100 mg for 24 weeks.

Young adults receiving placebo for 24 weeks.

Young adults were randomized to placebo for 24 weeks.

Empagliflozin reduces HbA1c in youth with type 2 diabetes

Placebo group

Patients with T2D receiving fotagliptin add-on therapy to metformin.

Fotagliptin group

In this phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, patients with T2D who had inadequate glycaemic control using metformin alone were randomly allocated to fotagliptin or placebo at a 2:1 ratio for 24-week double-blind treatment period.

Patients with T2D receiving placebo add-on therapy to metformin.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Fotagliptin improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Participants received metformin + sitagliptin placebo + DW1026C1 + DW1026C2 placebo.

E10 group

Two hundred thirty adults with T2DM inadequately controlled by metformin were 1:1:1 randomised to receive DW1026C1 (E10 group, n = 77)...

Participants received metformin + sitagliptin placebo + DW1026C2 + DW1026C1 placebo.

E25 group

Two hundred thirty adults with T2DM inadequately controlled by metformin were 1:1:1 randomised to receive DW1026C2 (E25 group, n = 76)...

Participants received metformin + sitagliptin 100 mg + DW1026C1 placebo + DW1026C2 placebo.

Two hundred thirty adults with T2DM inadequately controlled by metformin were 1:1:1 randomised to receive a placebo (n = 77)...

Sitagliptin/Empagliflozin Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 of 2 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

4 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 1 diabetes, 2 studies with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors

Evidence signal

Evidence snapshot

Clinical conclusion

Observed effects

Evidence composition

Consistency

Population and applicability

Limitations

Supporting evidence