Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Control Group (CG)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants underwent a supervised aerobic cycling programme for 12 weeks.

Exercise Group (EG)

The EG underwent a supervised aerobic cycling programme for 12 weeks (4 sessions/week, 50 min/session).

Participants continued their usual care without any additional intervention.

Aerobic cycling improves metabolic health in middle-aged men with diabetes

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

health education and follow-up

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

BFR-RT group

BFR-RT group trained at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

AE group

AE group trained at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

Participants received health education and follow-up.

Control group received health education and follow-up.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Not reported in the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, comparator, risk_of_bias.

Participants with low insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Low-IR Group

Fifty-five T2DM patients stratified by fasting C-peptide tertiles into low- (Group 1), moderate- (Group 2), and high-IR groups (Group 3) completed a 4-week moderate-intensity combined aerobic-resistance exercise program.

Participants with moderate insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Moderate-IR Group

Participants with high insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

High-IR Group

Authoritative quality diagnostic: authoritative design unavailable.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Standard physical activity recommendations

Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 150 min/week at moderate intensity.

Aerobic Training intervention (AT)

1) Aerobic Training intervention (AT): Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 150 min/week at moderate intensity.

Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, starting with 50% of 1-repetition maximum.

Aerobic Training plus Resistance Training intervention (AT+RT)

2) Aerobic Training plus Resistance Training intervention (AT+RT): Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, starting with 50% of 1-repetition maximum.

Perform 25 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 75 min/week at a vigorous intensity.

High Intensity Interval Training intervention (HIIT)

3) High Intensity Interval Training intervention (HIIT): Perform 25 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 75 min/week at a vigorous intensity.

Receive written standard PA recommendations.

4) Participants in the control group will receive written standard PA recommendations in this phase.

Aerobic exercise × Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Available supporting studies

Aerobic cycling improves metabolic health in middle-aged men with diabetes

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Physical exercise improves glycaemic control in adults with prediabetes.