Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Standard Dietary Care

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received structured education in carbohydrate counting to manage blood glucose levels.

Basic Carbohydrate Counting (BCC)

Individuals with T2D aged 18-75 years with glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 53–97 mmol/mol (7.0–11.0%) were randomly assigned (1:1) to BCC or standard dietary care.

Participants received standard dietary counselling sessions.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Carbohydrate Counting Improves Estimation Skills in Type 2 Diabetes

Conventional diabetes diet (CD)

Participants received a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet aiming for ~6% weight loss over 6 weeks.

Carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet (CRHP)

Participants were randomised by a third party and assigned to 6 weeks of energy restriction... with either a carbohydrate-reduced high-protein diet (CRHP, percentage of total energy intake [E%]: CH30/P30/F40)

Participants received a conventional diabetes diet for 6 weeks.

Participants were randomised by a third party and assigned to 6 weeks of energy restriction... with a conventional diabetes diet (CD, E%: CH50/P17/F33)

Carbohydrate restriction improves diabetes control.

Standard-Protein Diet

Participants received a high-protein diet consisting of 30% protein, 40% carbohydrates, and 30% fat.

High-Protein Diet

In this randomized controlled study, 76 overweight and obese patients aged 57.7 years, 72.4% male, were randomized to a high-protein (30% protein, 40% carbohydrates, and 30% fat) or standard-protein diet for 3 months.

Participants received a standard-protein diet consisting of 15% protein, 55% carbohydrates, and 30% fat.

In this randomized controlled study, 76 overweight and obese patients aged 57.7 years, 72.4% male, were randomized to a high-protein or standard-protein diet for 3 months.

High-protein diet may reduce cardiometabolic risks in diabetes patients

Regular Diet Group

Participants received a quinoa diet as part of the intervention.

Quinoa Diet Group

Sixty patients with early-stage T2DM were randomly assigned to the quinoa diet (QD) or regular diet (RD) groups.

Participants followed a standard diabetes diet.

The random number table method was used to allocate 30 participants to the quinoa diet (QD) group and 30 participants to the regular diet (RD) group.

Standard diet × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Carbohydrate Counting Improves Estimation Skills in Type 2 Diabetes

Carbohydrate restriction improves diabetes control.

High-protein diet may reduce cardiometabolic risks in diabetes patients

Quinoa diet improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.