Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Insulin group

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received sitagliptin added to their existing insulin treatment.

Ins+Sita group

The patients were randomized to continuation of insulin treatment (Insulin group) or addition of sitagliptin 50 to 100 mg daily to insulin treatment (Ins+Sita group).

Patients continued their previous insulin treatment without any additional medication.

Subjects in the Insulin group continued their previous treatment during the study.

Adding sitagliptin to insulin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Standard Insulin Therapy

Participants continued with hybrid closed-loop insulin delivery using the Cambridge algorithm until 48 months after diagnosis.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery

Participants randomized to CL in the primary study phase continued CL therapy until 48 months after diagnosis.

Participants initially randomized to control continued standard insulin therapy until 48 months after diagnosis.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Improves Glycemic Control in Youth

Usual care (multiple daily injections or tubed insulin pump therapy)

Participants assigned to use the Omnipod DASH Insulin Management System for 12 weeks.

Omnipod group

Adults with type 1 diabetes on MDI (n = 40) or IPT (n = 25) from 4 diabetes centers in Australia were randomly assigned in a 1:1 nonblinded manner to Omnipod DASH System (Omnipod group) or continue usual care (Usual Care group) for 12 weeks.

Participants continued their usual care for 12 weeks.

Omnipod DASH Improves Treatment Satisfaction in Type 1 Diabetes

Regular Group (RG)

Patients received individualised nutrition and insulin pump therapy supported by continuous glucose monitoring and the QCC nursing model.

Experimental Group (EG)

Patients were assigned to either the experimental group (EG), which received individualised nutrition and insulin pump therapy supported by CGM and the QCC nursing model.

Patients were assigned to the regular group (RG), which received standard care.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

QCC Model Enhances Diabetes Management

Control group (CG)

Patients received Semaglutide combined with insulin therapy.

Observation group (OG)

Patients were assigned to either a control group (CG, insulin therapy) or an observation group (OG, SEM + insulin).

Patients received conventional insulin therapy.

Semaglutide with Insulin Improves Diabetes Control and Kidney Health

Insulin dose adjustment without vildagliptin

Patients receiving vildagliptin treatment demonstrated significant reductions in HbA1c and GA levels.

Vildagliptin Group

Patients receiving vildagliptin treatment demonstrated significant reductions in HbA1c and GA levels (P<0.001 and P=0.009, respectively).

Patients who only had their insulin doses adjusted without adding vildagliptin.

The control group consisted of patients who only had their insulin doses adjusted without adding vildagliptin.

Insulin therapy × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Adding sitagliptin to insulin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Hybrid Closed-Loop Insulin Improves Glycemic Control in Youth

Omnipod DASH Improves Treatment Satisfaction in Type 1 Diabetes

QCC Model Enhances Diabetes Management

Semaglutide with Insulin Improves Diabetes Control and Kidney Health

Vildagliptin improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients on insulin