Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Group 2 (CR alone)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants followed a 12-hour night intermittent fasting regimen combined with calorie restriction for 12 weeks.

Group 1 (12-hour IF + CR)

Group 1 (N=48) followed a 12-hour night intermittent fasting regimen combined with calorie restriction, while Group 2 (N=51) followed a calorie-restricted diet only (CR) for 12 weeks.

Participants followed a calorie-restricted diet only for 12 weeks.

Group 2 (N=51) followed a calorie-restricted diet only (CR) for 12 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Intermittent fasting improves weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Conventional Energy-Restricted Diet Group

Participants received a dietary intervention focusing on low glycemic load foods.

Low Glycemic Load Diet Group

After discharge, participants were randomly assigned to LGL dietary intervention group or control group.

Participants received a control diet consisting of typical Chinese diet options with medium to high GI foods.

The control group received manual listing typical Chinese diet options with medium to high GI foods.

Low Glycemic Load Diet Improves Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetes

Standard low-calorie diet (LCD)

Participants followed a MIND low-calorie diet for 12 weeks.

MIND low-calorie diet (MLCD)

Participants were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to follow either a MIND low-calorie diet (MLCD) or a low-calorie diet (LCD) for 12 weeks.

Participants followed a standard low-calorie diet for 12 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

MIND diet improves cardiometabolic health in women with diabetes

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Calorie restriction × Waist circumference

Available supporting studies

Intermittent fasting improves weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Low Glycemic Load Diet Improves Metabolic Profiles in Type 2 Diabetes

MIND diet improves cardiometabolic health in women with diabetes