Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Standard SWMS care

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received SWMS care plus a targeted prescribing pathway for liraglutide 3.0 mg.

Liraglutide 3.0 mg

Participants were randomly allocated (2:1, stratified by centre and BMI) to SWMS care plus a targeted prescribing pathway for once daily subcutaneous liraglutide 3 mg (intervention) with stopping rules at 16 (≥5% weight loss, WL), 32 (≥10% WL) and 52 weeks (≥15% WL) or to SWMS care alone (control) through an online randomization service.

Participants received standard SWMS care alone.

Liraglutide 3 mg pathway improves weight loss.

CPAP and drug treatment without liraglutide

Patients receiving CPAP and drug treatment including liraglutide.

Liraglutide group

T2DM patients with severe OSA were randomized to the liraglutide group (CPAP and drug treatment including liraglutide).

Patients receiving CPAP and drug treatment without liraglutide.

T2DM patients with severe OSA were randomized to the control group (continuous positive airway pressure [CPAP] and drug treatment without liraglutide).

Liraglutide with CPAP improves outcomes in T2DM patients

Lifestyle Counseling

Participants received liraglutide administered by daily subcutaneous injection.

Liraglutide

Thirty-two obese subjects with prediabetes (n=16) or newly diagnosed T2D (n=16), were randomized to the glucagon-like peptide receptor agonist (GLP1-RA) liraglutide or lifestyle counselling until achieving a comparable weight loss.

Participants received lifestyle counseling aimed at achieving weight loss.

Participants in the lifestyle intervention arm were encouraged to achieve the 7% weight loss in the first 6 months, based on previous studies suggesting that most subjects achieve their maximum weight loss within the first 20–24 weeks of a lifestyle program.

Weight loss improves metabolic outcomes in obese patients with diabetes

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Liraglutide

Evidence signal

Evidence snapshot

Clinical conclusion

Observed effects

Evidence composition

Consistency

Population and applicability

Limitations

Supporting evidence