Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants performed resistance exercises three times a week as home-based exercises using their body weight.

Home-based resistance training (HBRT)

Home-based resistance training (HBRT): Participants performed resistance exercises three times a week and planned as home-based exercises (the individual’s body weight was used as the resistance).

Participants engaged in leisure activities such as football, cycling, and volleyball, without controlled intensity or type of exercises.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA): Participants were required to participate in their leisure activities, such as football, cycling, volleyball, and other physical activities.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Exercise Improves Health in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Standard hospital care without structured exercise

Participants engaged in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training (A+R)

Group A participated in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Participants underwent a HIIT program adapted for safety and physical capacity, involving structured interval sessions.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Group B underwent a HIIT programme adapted from the model described by Weston et al., which typically involved repeated short intervals of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods.

The control group received standard hospital care without a structured exercise program.

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Standard lifestyle education

Participants followed a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Diet Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a diet intervention group following a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Participants performed twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Exercise Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an exercise intervention group performing twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Resistance training × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Exercise Improves Health in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Metabolomics score improves metabolic profiling in diabetes