Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Basal Insulin (Glargine)

Placebo

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received GLP-1 (Liraglutide) in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea.

GLP-1 (Liraglutide)

We considered three treatment arms: GLP-1 (Liraglutide), basal insulin (glargine), and placebo. After training, virtual trials were conducted by sampling 232 virtual patients per arm (according to the LEAD-5 inclusion criteria) and predicting post-treatment outcomes.

Participants received basal insulin (glargine) in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea.

We considered three treatment arms: GLP-1 (Liraglutide), basal insulin (glargine), and placebo.

Participants received placebo in combination with metformin and sulfonylurea.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

AI Emulation Shows GLP-1 Improves HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes

Once-daily basal insulin comparator

Participants received once-weekly insulin icodec.

Once-weekly insulin icodec

Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either once-weekly icodec or OD basal insulin comparator.

Participants received once-daily basal insulin comparators, which varied by trial.

Participants were randomized (1:1) to receive either once-weekly icodec or OD basal insulin comparator, which varied by trial.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Insulin icodec may improve glycaemic control with low hypoglycaemia risk

Basal plus group

Participants walked for 15–20 minutes after one meal per day for 6 weeks.

Post-meal walking group

In post-meal walking group, patients walked after meal for 15–20 minutes one meal a day every day for 6 weeks.

Participants received one prandial insulin injection before breakfast or main meal.

In prandial insulin (basal plus) group, one prandial insulin was injected before breakfast or main meal with rapid-acting insulin.

Basal insulin × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

AI Emulation Shows GLP-1 Improves HbA1c in Type 2 Diabetes

Insulin icodec may improve glycaemic control with low hypoglycaemia risk

Post-meal walking may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes