Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Control Group (CG)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received oral hygiene instructions and intensive NSPT, including supra/subgingival instrumentation under local anaesthesia.

Intervention Group (IG)

At baseline, IG patients received oral hygiene instructions (OHI) and intensive NSPT, including supra/subgingival instrumentation under local anaesthesia in two sessions (half-mouth per session—1 week apart) using an ultrasonic scaler (Minipiezon, EMS) and hand instruments (Gracey Curettes, Hu-Friedy).

Patients received one-time OHI and only supragingival instrumentation using an ultrasonic scaler.

CG patients received at baseline one-time-only OHI and only supragingival instrumentation using an ultrasonic scaler.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy improves renal function and glycaemic control in CKD patients

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Oral hygiene instructions (OHI)

Subjects received full mouth debridement and were instructed in oral hygiene methods.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT)

Assigned treatment for the NSPT group was full mouth debridement, which consisted of scaling and root planing, was done in a single visit for all subjects in the NSPT group using an ultrasonic scaler.

Subjects received oral hygiene instructions and motivation without any interventional treatment.

No interventional treatment was given to the OHI group apart from oral hygiene instructions and motivation.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

NSPT improves plaque index and glycemic control in diabetes.

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy based on a specific protocol.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy

Participants underwent non-surgical periodontal therapy based on the protocol proposed by Quirynen, et al. (2000), which involved full-mouth scaling and root planing within 24 hours, divided into two sessions, without the use of chlorhexidine.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Periodontal therapy improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes

Delayed treatment

Patients with type 2 diabetes and periodontitis receiving immediate non-surgical periodontal treatment.