Diet and Nutrition

Evidence Snapshot

Evidence relationships

Studies reviewed

Outcomes evaluated

Strongest evidence area

Body weight

Top Interventions

Rank	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
#1	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#2	Diabetes remission	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#3	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#4	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#5	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#6	Body fat mass	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#7	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
#8	Diabetes remission	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
#9	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
#10	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2

Rank #1

Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #2

Diabetes remission

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #3

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #4

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #5

BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #6

Body fat mass

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #7

Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Rank #8

Diabetes remission

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Rank #9

Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Rank #10

HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Practical Questions

What outcomes does Diet and Nutrition appear to affect most often?

most studied

Based on 12 evidence relationships across 15 studies

Outcomes:

Body weightFasting Plasma GlucoseHbA1c

Interventions:

Calorie restrictionLow Carbohydrate dietMediterranean ketogenic dietVery Low Calorie ketogenic diet

Which outcomes need more research for Diet and Nutrition?

research gaps

Based on 3 evidence relationships across 6 studies

Outcomes:

Body weightFasting Plasma GlucoseHbA1c

Interventions:

Low Carbohydrate diet

How does Body weight compare with Fasting Plasma Glucose for Diet and Nutrition?

compare

Based on 2 evidence relationships across 4 studies

Outcomes:

Body weightFasting Plasma Glucose

Interventions:

Low Carbohydrate diet

Evidence Landscape

Evidence landscape

Each bubble represents an evidence relationship. Position shows effectiveness and strength; size reflects study volume.

Limited evidence

Promising

Reliable

High impact

Lower Evidence Strength→Higher Evidence Strength

Lower Effectiveness→Higher Effectiveness

Explore by Outcome

Outcome	Pairs	Research	Avg Strength
Body weight	4	3	45
Fasting Plasma Glucose	4	3	45
HbA1c	4	3	45
BMI	3	2	44
Body fat mass	1	1	46
Diabetes remission	2	1	46
Diabetic retinopathy incidence	1	1	47
Gestational diabetes mellitus incidence	1	1	47
HDL cholesterol	2	1	33
Insulin resistance	2	1	43
LDL cholesterol	2	1	43
Nephropathy progression	1	1	47
Serum creatinine	1	1	33
Total cholesterol	2	1	43
Triglycerides	2	1	43
Waist circumference	2	1	43

Latest Research

Mediterranean ketogenic eating matched VLCKD for weight loss over 3 months

Study Type: non-randomized-clinical-trial-non-rctPublished: 27 de mayo de 2026

int-mediterranean-ketogenic-dietint-very-low-calorie-ketogenic-diet

out-bmiout-body-weight

Lifestyle calorie-carbohydrate plans improved type 2 diabetes remission versus usual care

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 26 de mayo de 2026

int-calorie-restrictionint-low-carbohydrate-diet

out-body-fat-massout-body-weight

Mediterranean diet reduces gestational diabetes risk by 40% in Hispanic women

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 16 de mayo de 2026

int-mediterranean-diet

out-gestational-diabetes-mellitus-incidence

Eating vegetables first may reduce risk of diabetic eye and kidney damage

Study Type: cross-sectionalPublished: 16 de mayo de 2026

int-vegetables-first-eating-pattern

out-diabetic-retinopathy-incidenceout-nephropathy-progression

Remote nutrition education with low-carb diet improves blood sugar and reduces medication use in type 2 diabetes

Study Type: randomized-controlled-trials-rctsPublished: 4 de mayo de 2026

int-low-carbohydrate-diet

out-bmiout-body-weight

Full Evidence Table

Showing 34 of 34 evidence pairs

Intervention	Outcome	Effectiveness	Strength	Consistency	Studies
Calorie restriction	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Calorie restriction	Diabetes remission	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Calorie restriction	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Calorie restriction	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	Body fat mass	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Low Carbohydrate diet	Diabetes remission	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Low Carbohydrate diet	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Low Carbohydrate diet	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	2
Mediterranean diet	Gestational diabetes mellitus incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Consistent	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Insulin resistance	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	LDL cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Serum creatinine	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Total cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Triglycerides	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Mediterranean ketogenic diet	Waist circumference	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Vegetables First eating pattern	Diabetic retinopathy incidence	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Vegetables First eating pattern	Nephropathy progression	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	BMI	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Body weight	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Fasting Plasma Glucose	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	HbA1c	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	HDL cholesterol	Neutral	Weak	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Insulin resistance	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	LDL cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Total cholesterol	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Triglycerides	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1
Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet	Waist circumference	Moderate Positive	Limited	Unclear	1

Intervention → Outcome

Calorie restriction → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Calorie restriction → Diabetes remission

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Calorie restriction → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Calorie restriction → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → Body fat mass

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → Diabetes remission

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Low Carbohydrate diet → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean diet → Gestational diabetes mellitus incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Consistent

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Insulin resistance

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Serum creatinine

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Mediterranean ketogenic diet → Waist circumference

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Vegetables First eating pattern → Diabetic retinopathy incidence

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Vegetables First eating pattern → Nephropathy progression

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → BMI

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Body weight

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Fasting Plasma Glucose

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → HbA1c

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → HDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Neutral

Strength

Weak

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Insulin resistance

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → LDL cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Total cholesterol

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Triglycerides

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies

Intervention → Outcome

Very Low Calorie ketogenic diet → Waist circumference

Effectiveness

Moderate Positive

Strength

Limited

Consistency

Unclear

Studies