Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence TrackerResumen de Investigación
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Empagliflozin therapy shows little effect on appetite regulation
Última actualización 12 de septiembre de 2026
Key finding
The change from baseline to 24 weeks in postprandial total PYY was similar between experimental groups and placebo only (mean difference [95% CI]: -8.6 [-28.6 to 11.4], 13.4 [-6.1 to 33.0] and 1.0 [-18.0 to 19.9] pg/ml in placebo-plus diet, empagliflozin-only and empagliflozin-plus-diet groups, respectively [all P ≥ .18]).
The SEESAW trial investigated the effects of empagliflozin and dietary energy restriction on various appetite-related hormones in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The SEESAW trial investigated the effects of empagliflozin and dietary energy restriction on various appetite-related hormones in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
Clinical relevance
Understanding how diabetes treatments affect appetite is crucial for managing weight and overall health in individuals with type 2 diabetes. The findings from this trial suggest that empagliflozin, even when combined with dietary changes, may not significantly alter hunger-related hormones, which could impact treatment strategies aimed at weight management.
Keep in mind
Effectiveness of interventions was unclear due to non-significant findings. Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics. Potential unmeasured confounders affecting outcomes.
Published in
Referencia de la Revista
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Jack AS, James AK, Thomas Y, et al. The SEESAW trial: Empagliflozin and dietary energy restriction in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2022;24(8):1509-1521. doi:10.1111/dom.14721
Efectos Principales
Postprandial total PYY showed a mean difference of -8.6 pg/ml with no significant change (p=0.18).
No consistent pattern of difference was observed for postprandial total GLP-1.
No consistent pattern of difference was observed for acylated ghrelin.
Subjective appetite perceptions showed no consistent differences between groups.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Empagliflozin and GLP-1, Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients, Subjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Empagliflozin
Primary outcomes
- GLP-1
- Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
- Subjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
4
Evidence pairs
4
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 59
1
Related topics
4
Evidence pairs
43
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 4 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Evidencia principal
Tema de evidencia
SGLT2 Inhibitors
matched_intervention
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Empagliflozin → Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Empagliflozin → Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence TrackerSubjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads
Empagliflozin → Subjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads
Empagliflozin → Subjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
La Evidencia Sugiere
- Postprandial total PYY change was -8.6 pg/ml with a p-value of 0.18.
- No consistent differences were found for GLP-1 and ghrelin.
- Subjective appetite perceptions did not vary significantly across groups.
A quién se aplica
- Adults with type 2 diabetes.
- Individuals undergoing treatment with empagliflozin.
Tener en Cuenta
- Results may not apply to populations outside the study's sample.
- The lack of significant findings limits the conclusions that can be drawn.
- Further research is needed to explore the effects of empagliflozin on appetite.
Entre Líneas
- Effectiveness of interventions was unclear due to non-significant findings.
- Limited generalizability due to specific population characteristics.
- Potential unmeasured confounders affecting outcomes.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1, SGLT2 Inhibitors and Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients.
Relaciones de evidencia relacionadas
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
SGLT2 Inhibitors → GLP-1
Medications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
View evidenceMedications
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
View evidenceIncluido en estas colecciones de evidencia
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
GLP-1 Evidence Hub
All studies measuring GLP-1
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures GLP-1 as a key outcome.
Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients as a key outcome.
SGLT2 Inhibitors Evidence Hub
All studies on SGLT2 Inhibitors
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to SGLT2 Inhibitors evidence base.
Explora más en Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Empagliflozin and GLP-1
Intervention: EmpagliflozinOutcome: GLP-1
1 results
All studies on Empagliflozin and Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Intervention: EmpagliflozinOutcome: Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
1 results
All studies on Empagliflozin
Intervention: Empagliflozin
1 results
All studies measuring GLP-1
Outcome: GLP-1
1 results
All studies measuring Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
Outcome: Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Empagliflozin improve glp-1?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Empagliflozin for glp-1.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
GLP-1
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Empagliflozin improve lower pyy concentration after m-meal in t2d patients?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Empagliflozin for lower pyy concentration after m-meal in t2d patients.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Lower PYY concentration after M-meal in T2D patients
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Empagliflozin improve subjective appetite ratings after mct and wpi preloads?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Empagliflozin for subjective appetite ratings after mct and wpi preloads.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Subjective appetite ratings after MCT and WPI preloads
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Does Empagliflozin improve triglyceride change?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Empagliflozin for triglyceride change.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Triglyceride change
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
Next steps
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