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Resumen de Investigación
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™

mHealth intervention shows no significant effect on UPF consumption in T2DM

Desarrollado con el marco Evidence Intelligence™ de Dediabetes

Última actualización 7 de julio de 2026

Key finding

We found no effect of the intervention on UPF consumption.

The HAPPY Trial investigated the impact of a mobile health dietary education intervention on ultra-processed food consumption in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding no significant effect.

Quick read

Study at a glance

The essential study design details in one scan.

EvidenceScore™

Moderate

Study type

RCTs

Follow-up

Medium-Term (3–12 mo)

Risk of bias

Some Concerns

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Plain-language summary

What this paper says

A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.

Study focus

The HAPPY Trial investigated the impact of a mobile health dietary education intervention on ultra-processed food consumption in individuals with type 2 diabetes, finding no significant effect.

Clinical relevance

Understanding the effectiveness of dietary interventions is crucial for managing type 2 diabetes, as high consumption of ultra-processed foods can negatively impact health. This study highlights the challenges in changing dietary habits through mobile health interventions, suggesting that further research is needed to identify effective strategies for this population.

Keep in mind

The effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to lack of significant findings. The sample size and characteristics may limit generalizability. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.

Published in

Referencia de la Revista

Publication details and source links for this paper.

Valeria C, Linnea S, Ylva TL, Stephanie EB. Effect of a Mobile Health Dietary Education Intervention on Ultra-Processed Food Consumption in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the HAPPY Trial. Current Developments in Nutrition. 2025;9(6):107454. doi:10.1016/j.cdnut.2025.107454

View DOIView on PubMedView on PMC

Efectos Principales

The intervention group had a UPF percentage contribution of 21.5% at baseline.

At the 3-month follow-up, the UPF percentage contribution in the intervention group decreased to 19.7%.

No significant effect of the intervention on overall UPF consumption was found.

Evidence network

How this study fits

Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.

Evidence Context

This study contributes evidence to mHealth dietary education intervention and Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake, UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline, UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up.

This study contributes evidence to

Intervention

mHealth dietary education intervention

Outcome

Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

Primary intervention

mHealth dietary education intervention

Primary outcomes

  • Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake
  • UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline
  • UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

Primary intervention

mHealth dietary education intervention

Primary outcomes

Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intakeUPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baselineUPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

Evidence relationships

Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.

3
Evidence pairs
3
Relationships
0
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence

Editorial context

Why this study matters

See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.

Evidence network role

This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.

Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 54

0

Related topics

3

Evidence pairs

0

Related studies

Why it is useful

  • Contributes to 3 evidence relationships
  • Includes primary outcome data
  • Linked to 0 direct semantic evidence topics

Core evidence

Study findings

The primary outcomes reported in this study.

Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

mHealth dietary education intervention → Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

mHealth dietary education intervention → Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
50
Neutral
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence Tracker

UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
100
Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence Tracker

UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

mHealth dietary education intervention → UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

Evidence Intelligence™
EvidenceScore™
Emerging
Score 59 · Based on 1 study
ImpactScore™
100
Very Positive
ConsistencyScore™
unclear
Not enough independent studies
Estudios de apoyo: Basado en 1 estudio
Add to Evidence Tracker

Evidence Library

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evidence suggest

La Evidencia Sugiere

  • The intervention did not significantly reduce overall UPF consumption.
  • UPF contribution to total energy intake decreased from 21.5% to 19.7%.
  • Effectiveness of the dietary education intervention is unclear.
who this applies

A quién se aplica

  • Individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
  • Participants enrolled in dietary intervention studies.
keep in mind

Tener en Cuenta

  • Results may not apply to all individuals with type 2 diabetes.
  • The study's findings are based on a specific intervention that may not be widely implemented.
  • Further research is needed to explore effective dietary interventions for this population.
between the lines

Entre Líneas

  • The effectiveness of the intervention remains unclear due to lack of significant findings.
  • The sample size and characteristics may limit generalizability.
  • Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.

Evidence Library

Build your evidence library

Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.

Connected Evidence

Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.

Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.

Desarrollado con el marco Evidence Intelligence™ de Dediabetes

This study contributes to evidence on mHealth dietary education intervention and Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake, mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline.

Relaciones de evidencia relacionadas

Explore in Evidence Explorer

This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.

Incluido en estas colecciones de evidencia

Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.

mHealth dietary education intervention Evidence Hub

All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention

1 studies
intervention_hub

Contributes to mHealth dietary education intervention evidence base.

Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

1 studies
outcome_hub

Measures Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake as a key outcome.

UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline Evidence Hub

All studies measuring UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

1 studies
outcome_hub

Measures UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline as a key outcome.

Recent Diabetes Research

Latest published studies

recency_collection

Published within the last 2 years.

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All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

Intervention: mHealth dietary education interventionOutcome: Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

1 results

All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

Intervention: mHealth dietary education interventionOutcome: UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

1 results

All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention

Intervention: mHealth dietary education intervention

1 results

All studies measuring Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

Outcome: Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

1 results

All studies measuring UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

Outcome: UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

1 results

Questions answered by this study

Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.

Does mHealth dietary education intervention improve upf percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline?

Emerging Evidence

mHealth dietary education intervention appears to improve UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baseline

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
  • Consistency cannot yet be determined.
  • Population details are unavailable.
1 supporting studyUpdated: Jul 2026
View Full Evidence

Does mHealth dietary education intervention improve upf percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up?

Emerging Evidence

mHealth dietary education intervention appears to improve UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
  • Consistency cannot yet be determined.
  • Population details are unavailable.
1 supporting studyUpdated: Jul 2026
View Full Evidence

Does mHealth dietary education intervention improve percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake?

Emerging Evidence

Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of mHealth dietary education intervention for Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake.

ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

  1. 1

    Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intake

    EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

  • Only one supporting study is available.
  • Consistency cannot yet be determined.
  • Population details are unavailable.
1 supporting studyUpdated: Jul 2026
View Full Evidence
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All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and Percentage contribution of ultra-processed foods to total energy intakeAll studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at baselineAll studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and UPF percentage contribution to total energy intake at follow-up

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