Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Routine discharge guidance

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received a three-dimensional, four-phase discharge preparation plan.

Discharge preparation plan

The intervention group was treated with the discharge preparation plan.

Patients received routine discharge guidance.

The control group received routine discharge guidance.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Discharge Preparation Plan Improves Outcomes for Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Conventional Management Group

Participants received a structured intervention that integrated personalized health management records, regular follow-ups through telemedicine, and community education.

Linkage Program Group

The linkage program group received a 6-months structured intervention that integrated personalized health management records, regular follow-ups conducted through telemedicine platforms, and community education facilitated by digital tools.

Participants received standard health education, dietary guidance, and medication advice.

The conventional management group received standard health education, dietary guidance, and medication advice.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Linkage Program Improves Blood Glucose Management in Elderly Diabetes Patients

Standard community care

Patients received tiered management coordinated by multidisciplinary teams.

Tiered management via an Internet+ platform (telemedicine)

The intervention group received tiered management via an 'Internet+' platform (telemedicine) coordinated by multidisciplinary teams (general practice residents, mentors, specialists).

Patients received standard community care.

The control group received standard community care.

Three-tiered management improves diabetes control

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 of 2 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

4 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 1 diabetes, 2 studies with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Structured multidisciplinary case management × Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Available supporting studies

Discharge Preparation Plan Improves Outcomes for Type 2 Diabetes Patients

Linkage Program Improves Blood Glucose Management in Elderly Diabetes Patients

Three-tiered management improves diabetes control