Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

CSII + CGM

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first.

Closed-loop therapy

The randomized, controlled, crossover, two-period, open-label, and multicenter study was conducted from August 2022 to July 2023 in 17 individuals (9 to receive 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first and 8 to receive 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first).

Participants received 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Closed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Hybrid closed-loop with standard insulin aspart

Participants received hybrid closed-loop glucose control using faster-acting insulin (Fiasp) for 8 weeks.

Hybrid closed-loop with Fiasp

In a double-blind, multinational, randomized, crossover study, 25 adults with T1D using insulin pump therapy underwent two 8-week periods of unrestricted living comparing hybrid closed-loop with Fiasp and hybrid closed-loop with standard insulin aspart in random order.

Participants received hybrid closed-loop glucose control using standard insulin aspart for 8 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size known arm total mismatch.

Fiasp reduces hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: arms, comparator.

Hybrid closed-loop system improves glycemic control in neonatal diabetes.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Standard clinical practice

Participants received a hybrid follow-up program incorporating telemedicine consultations alongside face-to-face visits.

Hybrid Telemedicine Group

Participants assigned to the intervention arm had face-to-face visits at months 0, 6, and 12. Additionally, they had remote telemedicine consultations through the smartphone app at months 3 and 9.

Participants received conventional face-to-face follow-up care following standard clinical practice.

Participants were enrolled either in a hybrid follow-up program... or in conventional face-to-face follow-up care following a standard clinical practice.

Hybrid closed-loop system × Glucose variability

Available supporting studies

Closed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Fiasp reduces hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes

Hybrid closed-loop system improves glycemic control in neonatal diabetes.

Hybrid telemedicine improves glycemic control in type 1 diabetes