Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Usual care

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received education through social networks and digital tools in a structured program of healthy lifestyle changes.

Digital Intervention Group

Patients were randomized to digital intervention or usual care. The intervention group received education through social networks and digital tools in a structured program of healthy lifestyle changes.

Patients received standard care with visits to specialists every 3 months.

In the control group, visits to the specialists (ie, endocrinologist) occurred every 3 months and included diabetes education intervention by the nursing staff.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Digital intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Participants attended a structured training program at home to improve glycemic control and health literacy.

Family-based, health literacy-adapted educational program

The intervention group participated in a structured home education program, while the control group continued to receive standard care during routine visits.

Participants continued receiving usual care, including regular visits to the diabetes outpatient clinic.

Participants in the control group continued receiving usual care, which included regular visits to the DOC.

Educational intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Usual nursing care

Participants received receptive music therapy in addition to usual nursing care.

Receptive music therapy + usual nursing care

They were randomly assigned (1:1) to an intervention group (RMT + usual nursing care, n = 40) or control group (usual nursing care only, n = 40) for 8 weeks.

Participants received usual nursing care only.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Music Therapy Improves Cognition and Quality of Life in Diabetic Elderly

Regular Group (RG)

Patients received individualised nutrition and insulin pump therapy supported by continuous glucose monitoring and the QCC nursing model.

Experimental Group (EG)

Patients were assigned to either the experimental group (EG), which received individualised nutrition and insulin pump therapy supported by CGM and the QCC nursing model.

Patients were assigned to the regular group (RG), which received standard care.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

QCC Model Enhances Diabetes Management

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 of 2 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

4 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 1 diabetes, 2 studies with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Usual care × Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Available supporting studies

Digital intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Educational intervention improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients

Music Therapy Improves Cognition and Quality of Life in Diabetic Elderly

QCC Model Enhances Diabetes Management