Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Patients received insulin glargine in the morning with fixed doses of metformin.

Insulin glargine plus metformin

After 24 weeks, HbA1C levels improved from (mean ± SD) 8.5±0.9% to 7.7±0.8% (69.0±10.0 mmol/mol to 60.8±8.6 mmol/mol) with insulin glargine plus metformin.

Patients received insulin glargine in the morning with fixed doses of glimepiride.

Insulin glargine plus glimepiride

After 24 weeks, HbA1C levels improved from 8.4±1.0% to 7.7±1.3% with insulin glargine plus glimepiride.

Patients received insulin glargine in the morning with fixed doses of both glimepiride and metformin.

Insulin glargine plus glimepiride plus metformin

After 24 weeks, HbA1C levels improved from 8.7±0.9% to 7.3±0.6% with insulin glargine plus glimepiride plus metformin.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Insulin glargine plus metformin and glimepiride improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Participants received standard-release metformin for 12 weeks.

Metformin

After the baseline evaluation, participants were randomized to standard-release metformin (500 mg tablets) with or without liraglutide (0.6 mg).

Participants received standard-release metformin with liraglutide for 12 weeks.

Metformin + Liraglutide

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Metformin and Liraglutide Improve Gut Microbiome in Youth with Diabetes

Metformin IR 2000 mg

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received placebo once daily at the beginning of the morning meal.

Placebo

Participants (T2DM [HbA1c 7–10.5%], eGFR ≥60 mL/min/1.73m, not taking metformin for ≥2 months) were randomized to QD placebo (PBO); QD Metformin DR 600, 900, 1200, or 1500 mg; or to single-blind BID Metformin immediate-release (IR) 1000 mg.

Participants received 600 mg of Metformin delayed-release once daily.

Metformin DR 600 mg

Participants received 900 mg of Metformin delayed-release once daily.

Metformin DR 900 mg

Participants received 1200 mg of Metformin delayed-release once daily.

Metformin DR 1200 mg

Participants received 1500 mg of Metformin delayed-release once daily.

Metformin DR 1500 mg

Participants received 2000 mg of Metformin immediate-release twice daily.

Metformin DR enhances glycemic control in T2D patients.

Placebo Group

Participants received adjunctive metformin at a dose of 1000 mg daily for 9 months.

Metformin Group

The metformin group consisted of 15 subjects (8 m/ 7f), of age 15.0 ± 2.5 y.

Participants received similar-appearing placebo capsules daily for 9 months.

The control group was made up of 13 subjects (5m/ 8f), of age 14.5 ± 3.1y.

Metformin may improve glycemic control in youth with type 1 diabetes

Control group receiving metformin tablets daily for 45 days.

Group A (Control)

In Group A (Control), metformin tablets (500 mg) will be prescribed daily once before lunch with plain water for 45 consecutive days.

Interventional group receiving Nimba-Amalakyadi formulation twice daily for 45 days.

Group B (Interventional group)

In Group B (Interventional group), the Nimba-Amalakyadi formulation will be prescribed 5 grams twice daily with an empty stomach (ie, 7 AM-5 PM) with lukewarm water for 45 consecutive days.

Nimba Amalakyadi Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, comparator, risk_of_bias.

Patients receiving metformin as monotherapy.

Metformin group (Group M)

Patients receiving metformin 1000 mg once daily were taken in Group M.

Patients receiving metformin plus ranolazine.

Metformin plus ranolazine group (Group M+R)

Patients receiving metformin 1000 mg once daily plus ranolazine were enrolled in Group M+R.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Ranolazine improves glycaemic control when added to metformin in T2DM patients

Participants received 20 mg tofogliflozin per day for 4 weeks.

Tofogliflozin Group

The participants were randomly assigned to a group that received 20 mg tofogliflozin per day for 4 weeks.

Participants received 500 mg metformin per day for 4 weeks.

The participants were randomly assigned to a group that received 500 mg metformin per day for 4 weeks.

Tofogliflozin may improve insulin secretory capacity in some type 2 diabetes patients

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 of 2 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

4 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 1 diabetes, 2 studies with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Metformin × Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)