Last updated July 4, 2026
Key finding
Met was associated with greater relative abundance of Eubacterium (p < 0.05).
This study examined the effects of Metformin and Liraglutide on the gut microbiome in youth with type 2 diabetes, revealing significant changes in microbial abundance and metabolic markers.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
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Study focus
This study examined the effects of Metformin and Liraglutide on the gut microbiome in youth with type 2 diabetes, revealing significant changes in microbial abundance and metabolic markers.
Understanding how diabetes treatments like Metformin and Liraglutide affect gut microbiome composition can help healthcare providers tailor interventions for youth with type 2 diabetes. The changes in gut bacteria and metabolic markers could lead to improved management of the disease and better health outcomes for this population.
The study's sample size may limit the generalizability of the findings. The long-term effects of these treatments on gut microbiome and metabolic health remain unclear. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled for in the analysis.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Sophia BG, Sidharth PM, Shalini J, et al. Metformin and Liraglutide Treatment Effects on Gut Microbiome in Youth-Onset Type 2 Diabetes. Gut Microbes. 2025;17(1):2558071. doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2558071
Metformin was associated with a greater relative abundance of Eubacterium (5.72% increase, p < 0.05).
Metformin increased plasma cholic secondary bile acids by more than 1.5-fold (p ≤ 0.002).
The combination treatment (Met+Lira) increased Bacteroides fragilis (p < 0.05) but decreased Streptococcus thermophilus (p < 0.05).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Metformin, Metformin + Liraglutide and Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Plasma cholic secondary bile acids, Relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus, and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Metformin
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
394
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Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
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Evidence topic
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Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Metformin → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Metformin → Plasma cholic secondary bile acids
Metformin → Plasma cholic secondary bile acids
Metformin → Relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus
Metformin → Relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus
Metformin → Relative abundance of Eubacterium
Metformin → Relative abundance of Eubacterium
Metformin → Relative abundance of Eubacterium rectale
Metformin → Relative abundance of Eubacterium rectale
Metformin + Liraglutide → Relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis
Metformin + Liraglutide → Relative abundance of Bacteroides fragilis
Metformin + Liraglutide → Relative abundance of Streptococcus thermophilus
Metformin + Liraglutide → Relative abundance of Streptococcus thermophilus
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Metformin Therapies and Fasting Glucose, Metformin Therapies and Plasma cholic secondary bile acids.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Medications
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies on Metformin Therapies
Contributes to Metformin Therapies evidence base.
All studies measuring Plasma cholic secondary bile acids
Measures Plasma cholic secondary bile acids as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
7 results
1 results
7 results
7 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Metformin Therapies may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 83.9 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
Metformin appears to improve Plasma cholic secondary bile acids.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Plasma cholic secondary bile acids
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Metformin appears to improve Relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Relative abundance of Bacteroides ovatus
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Metformin appears to improve Relative abundance of Eubacterium.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Relative abundance of Eubacterium
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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