Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Standard dietary counseling without caloric restriction

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants practiced intermittent fasting 3 days a week, reducing their caloric intake on those days by 75%.

Intermittent Fasting Group

The IF group practiced IF 3 days a week, reducing their calories on these days by 75% (i.e., consuming only 25% of the recommended caloric intake).

Participants received dietary counseling without caloric restriction.

Both groups had a comparable number of interactions with the study staff.

Intermittent fasting improves glycemic control in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes

No exercise intervention

Participants followed the exercise manual under the supervision of trained staff.

Supervised Group

The supervised group followed the exercise manual under the supervision of trained staff.

Participants undertook exercise-based manual interventions at home.

Unsupervised Group

The outcomes of interventions on various biochemical indicators in a group of individuals undertaking exercise-based manual interventions at home are presented.

Participants received no exercise intervention.

The control group showed only minor changes in HbA1C and FBG, with smaller effect sizes.

Structured exercise improves metabolic health in prediabetic adults

Control education via pamphlets

Patients received education through video telecare, including a two-hour educational movie and follow-up discussions.

Video Tele-Education

The participants were divided into several subgroups. For the first time, the educational movie was displayed in the clinic for all subgroups. After the end of the movie display, there was a discussion opportunity using a question-and-answer format.

Patients received oral face-to-face education via group sessions with discussions.

In-Person Education

The patients were received oral face-to-face education via group sessions. The participants were divided into several subgroups. Each subgroup received four educational sessions during a two-week interval.

Patients received education about lifestyle management of T2DM through pamphlets.

The participants were received an education by staff nurses via pamphlets including education about lifestyle management of T2DM.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Control Group Usual Activity × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Intermittent fasting improves glycemic control in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes

Structured exercise improves metabolic health in prediabetic adults

Video education improves dietary compliance for diabetes