Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Healthy Diet with Standard Macronutrient Ratio

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants followed a diet where they consumed normal calories for 5 days and restricted to 500-600 kcal for 2 non-consecutive days.

Intermittent Fasting 5:2

Intermittent Fasting 5:2 Diet: In this diet, the participants were required to continue their normal calorie intake for 5 days a week, while for 2 non-consecutive days per week, they consumed only 25% of their daily caloric needs in a typical day (500–600 kcal per day).

A plant-based diet with a macronutrient distribution of 40% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 40% fat.

Portfolio Moderate-Carbohydrate

Portfolio-moderate-carbohydrate diet: This is a plant-based diet with a macronutrient distribution of 40% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 40% fat based on each individual's total caloric requirement.

Daily calorie intake restricted to 75% of total calorie intake with anti-inflammatory recommendations.

Anti-Inflammatory

Anti-inflammatory diet: In this diet, daily calorie intake was restricted to 75% of the total calorie intake per day with selecting the nutrients according to the anti-inflammatory recommendations.

Participants followed a healthy diet with a daily calorie restriction of 75% of daily energy requirements.

Control group: Due to ethical considerations, non-intervention in the control group may lead pre-diabetic participants to progress to diabetes. Therefore, a healthy diet with a daily calorie restriction (75% of daily energy requirements) with the standard macronutrient ratio of 50% carbohydrates, 20% protein, and 30% fat was considered as the control group.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Dietary interventions improve glycemic control in pre-diabetic patients

No dietary restrictions

Participants followed a 3-day per week intermittent fasting regimen with calorie intake restricted to a maximum of 500 kcal prior to noon.

Intermittent Fasting Group

The participants were randomly assigned to either 12 weeks of IF group ( n = 22) or a control group ( n = 24). The IF group followed a 3-day per week IF regimen, during which calorie intake was restricted to a maximum of 500 kcal prior to noon.

Participants in the control group had no dietary restrictions.

However, participants in the control group had no dietary restrictions.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Intermittent fasting aids weight loss in type 2 diabetes

Non-dietary advice

Participants followed a time-restricted feeding schedule, eating within an 8-hour window from 12 to 8 p.m.

One hundred adults with T2D were randomly assigned to an IF group (50 following an 8-h eating window) or a control group, non-dietary advice.

Participants continued to eat as normal without dietary restrictions.

Intermittent fasting improves glycemic control.

Standard lifestyle education

Participants followed a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Diet Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a diet intervention group following a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Participants performed twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Exercise Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an exercise intervention group performing twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Metabolomics score improves metabolic profiling in diabetes

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, usual_care.

4 of 5 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 5 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. 8 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

3 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 7 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 1 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 8 of 8 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 4 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

5 of 8 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 13 of 13 supporting studies. 11 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

4 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Structured population data were available for 12 of 12 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 12 studies described adult participants.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 10 of 10 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 8 studies with type 2 diabetes, 2 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 8 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, other, usual_care.

3 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. 10 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. 6 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 6 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 7 of 7 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 4 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, placebo, usual_care.

Intermittent Fasting (IF)

Evidence signal

Evidence snapshot

Clinical conclusion

Observed effects

Absolute change

Absolute change

Mean difference

Evidence composition

Consistency

Population and applicability

Limitations

Supporting evidence

Evidence signal

Evidence snapshot

Clinical conclusion

Observed effects

Absolute change

Absolute change

Mean difference

Evidence composition

Consistency

Population and applicability

Limitations

Related evidence

Supporting evidence