Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 5 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Standard hospital care without structured exercise

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants engaged in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training (A+R)

Group A participated in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Participants underwent a HIIT program adapted for safety and physical capacity, involving structured interval sessions.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Group B underwent a HIIT programme adapted from the model described by Weston et al., which typically involved repeated short intervals of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods.

The control group received standard hospital care without a structured exercise program.

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Control Group (CON)

Participants engaged in a 12-week high-intensity interval training program.

A total of 93 patients with DPN were randomly assigned to the HIIT, MICT, and control (CON) groups, with an intervention period of 12 weeks.

Participants engaged in a 12-week moderate-intensity continuous training program.

Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT)

Participants maintained their usual daily activities and received health education.

HIIT Improves Glucose Control in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients

Matched Healthy Control (CON) individuals

T2D patients undergoing HIIT to assess effects on glycaemic control and pancreatic function.

High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) for T2D patients

Elderly (56 yrs±2), non-active T2D patients (n = 10) exercised 3 times (10×60 sec. HIIT) a week over an 8 week period on a cycle ergometer.

Healthy individuals matched for age, height, and weight to T2D patients.

10 T2D patients and 13 age, height and weight matched control (CON) individuals were eligible for the study.

HIIT improves glycaemic control and pancreatic function in T2D patients

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Not reported in the authoritative source.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants performed interval walking training for 20 weeks.

Interval Walking Training

Participants performed IWT for 20 weeks. The target fast walking time was set to ≥ 60 minutes per week, which means 5–10 sets of 3 minutes of fast walking and 3 minutes of slow walking a day for ≥ 4 days.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: authoritative design unavailable.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Interval walking training may improve physical fitness in type 2 diabetes

Waitlist Control (CON)

Participants engaged in 8 weeks of supervised C-HIIT training.

C-HIIT

Sixty-nine low-active people with T2D were randomised to 8 weeks of supervised C-HIIT (78 min/week)

Participants engaged in 8 weeks of supervised C-MICT training.

C-MICT

Sixty-nine low-active people with T2D were randomised to 8 weeks of supervised C-MICT (210 min/week)

Participants continued with usual care for 8 weeks before being re-randomised.

Those in waitlist CON continued with usual care for 8 weeks during phase 1, before being re-randomised to C-HIIT or C-MICT

High-intensity interval exercise × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

HIIT Improves Glucose Control in Diabetic Neuropathy Patients

HIIT improves glycaemic control and pancreatic function in T2D patients

Interval walking training may improve physical fitness in type 2 diabetes

Low-volume HIIT improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes