Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 5 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 3 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

5 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

health education and follow-up

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

BFR-RT group

BFR-RT group trained at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

AE group

AE group trained at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

Participants received health education and follow-up.

Control group received health education and follow-up.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA)

Participants performed resistance exercises three times a week as home-based exercises using their body weight.

Home-based resistance training (HBRT)

Home-based resistance training (HBRT): Participants performed resistance exercises three times a week and planned as home-based exercises (the individual’s body weight was used as the resistance).

Participants engaged in leisure activities such as football, cycling, and volleyball, without controlled intensity or type of exercises.

Leisure-time physical activity (LTPA): Participants were required to participate in their leisure activities, such as football, cycling, volleyball, and other physical activities.

Exercise Improves Health in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Control Group (CO)

Participants engaged in resistance training for 8 weeks.

Resistance Training (RT)

Participants were randomly assigned to resistance training (RT; n = 16)

Participants engaged in endurance training for 8 weeks.

Endurance Training (ET)

Participants were randomly assigned to endurance training (ET; n = 16)

Participants engaged in combined training for 8 weeks.

Combined Training (CT)

Participants were randomly assigned to combined training (CT; n = 16)

Participants did not engage in any exercise intervention.

Participants were randomly assigned to control (CO; n = 17)

Exercise Improves Serum Albumin Levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Standard hospital care without structured exercise

Participants engaged in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training (A+R)

Group A participated in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Participants underwent a HIIT program adapted for safety and physical capacity, involving structured interval sessions.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Group B underwent a HIIT programme adapted from the model described by Weston et al., which typically involved repeated short intervals of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods.

The control group received standard hospital care without a structured exercise program.

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Standard lifestyle education

Participants followed a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Diet Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a diet intervention group following a 5:2 intermittent energy-restricted diet.

Participants performed twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Exercise Intervention Group

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an exercise intervention group performing twice-weekly supervised low-volume high-intensity interval training combined with resistance exercise.

Control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a control group receiving standard lifestyle education.

Metabolomics score improves metabolic profiling in diabetes

No muscle-building intervention

Participants engaged in resistance training exercises for 12 weeks.

Resistance Training Group

The RT group and the RT + WPS group exercised 2 non-consecutive days per week for 12 weeks.

Participants engaged in resistance training and received whey protein supplementation.

Resistance Training + Whey Protein Supplement Group

The RT + WPS group incorporated whey protein supplementation (20 g/day) into their daily dietary intake.

Participants did not receive any muscle-building intervention.

The control group, which did not receive any muscle-building intervention.

Resistance training × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Exercise Improves Health in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Exercise Improves Serum Albumin Levels in Women with Type 2 Diabetes

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Metabolomics score improves metabolic profiling in diabetes

Muscle-building interventions improve glycemic control in elderly with T2 diabetes