Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

SMBG first

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants used Freestyle Libre 1 FGM for 6 months, followed by SMBG for 6 months.

Freestyle Libre 1 FGM use

Participants aged 10–25 years (type 1 diabetes (T1D)>1 year) were randomised 1:1 to either Freestyle Libre 1 FGM use (intervention) for 6 months, followed by SMBG≥4 times/day (local care standard) for 6 months.

Participants used SMBG for 6 months, followed by FGM for 6 months.

Participants were randomised 1:1 to either Freestyle Libre 1 FGM use (intervention) for 6 months, followed by SMBG≥4 times/day (local care standard) for 6 months; or SMBG≥4 times/day, followed by FGM.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

Flash Glucose Monitoring Improves Glycaemic Control in Youth

High group

Patients in this arm performed self-monitoring of blood glucose once a week.

Low group

Patients were randomized to two groups: either one SMBG (low) or four SMBG (high) per week.

Patients in this arm performed self-monitoring of blood glucose four times a week.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

One SMBG per week maintains control in T2D

Blinded CGM

Participants received a prescriptive low-carbohydrate diet and lifestyle plan while continuously wearing real-time continuous glucose monitoring.

RT-CGM

Twenty adults (10 men, 10 women) with obesity and type-2 diabetes (T2D) were randomised to a prescriptive low-carbohydrate diet and lifestyle plan whilst continuously wearing either an RT-CGM or an ‘offline-blinded’ monitor (control) for 12 weeks.

Participants received a prescriptive low-carbohydrate diet and lifestyle plan while continuously wearing a blinded continuous glucose monitor.

RT-CGM improves glucose control in adults with T2D

Group B

Patients received prompt feedback about their blood glucose levels and therapy suggestions from the study staff via phone/SMS.

Group A

Patients were randomized to either perform telemedicine-assisted (Group A) or standard (Group B) self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) for 6 months. In Group A, patients received prompt feedback about their blood glucose levels and therapy suggestions from the study staff via phone/SMS, when appropriate.

Patients had no remote assistance from the study staff between planned visits.

In Group B, patients had no remote assistance from the study staff between planned visits.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Self-monitoring of blood glucose × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Flash Glucose Monitoring Improves Glycaemic Control in Youth

One SMBG per week maintains control in T2D

RT-CGM improves glucose control in adults with T2D

Telemedicine improves glucose control in diabetes patients.