Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 1 study described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Placebo (P)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received saffron supplementation and engaged in aerobic training for 12 weeks.

Saffron + Training (ST)

The ST group showed a more significant reduction in all variables compared to the PT and SS groups.

Participants received placebo supplementation and engaged in aerobic training for 12 weeks.

Placebo + Training (PT)

The PT group showed a significant decrease in body weight when compared against the P group.

Participants received saffron supplementation without aerobic training for 12 weeks.

Saffron Supplementation (SS)

The SS group showed a significant decrease in body fat percentage when compared against the P group.

Participants received placebo without any additional interventions.

The P group served as the control group for comparison against the other arms.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Aerobic Exercise and Saffron Improve Insulin Resistance in Obese Women

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Usual care

Participants received a 12-week program including 24 supervised exercise sessions and 24 self-management sessions.

Exercise therapy and self-management support

The intervention included 24 supervised 60-minute group-based exercise sessions and 24 self-management sessions over 12 weeks.

Participants received usual care without the additional intervention.

Participants were allocated to either the exercise therapy and self-management support intervention group (n = 115) or the usual care group (n = 113).

Exercise therapy reduces blood pressure in multimorbidity.

Control group

Participants received post-exercise ultrasound treatment on the quadriceps femoris muscle.

TUS group

Thirty sedentary women with T2D (aged 41–49 years, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5%–9.0%) were randomized to a TUS group ( n = 15) or control ( n = 15). The TUS group received post-exercise ultrasound (3 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 7 min/leg) using the Intellect Mobile 2 device.

Participants in the control group completed the same aerobic cycling program without ultrasound treatment.

Thirty sedentary women with T2D (aged 41–49 years, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 6.5%–9.0%) were randomized to a TUS group ( n = 15) or control ( n = 15). Both groups completed an 8-week aerobic cycling program.

Ultrasound therapy reduces muscle soreness and fatigue in women with T2D

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

3 of 4 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Exercise therapy × Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)

Available supporting studies

Aerobic Exercise and Saffron Improve Insulin Resistance in Obese Women

Exercise therapy reduces blood pressure in multimorbidity.

Ultrasound therapy reduces muscle soreness and fatigue in women with T2D