Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Standard hospital care without structured exercise

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants engaged in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Combined Aerobic and Resistance Training (A+R)

Group A participated in a 12-week intervention that included an individualised combined aerobic and resistance exercise training program along with standard hospital care.

Participants underwent a HIIT program adapted for safety and physical capacity, involving structured interval sessions.

High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)

Group B underwent a HIIT programme adapted from the model described by Weston et al., which typically involved repeated short intervals of high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods.

The control group received standard hospital care without a structured exercise program.

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Supervised RT program twice per week for 12 weeks. Chest press and leg press strength increased 27% and 18%.

Resistance training

Resistance training improves 2-hour glucose tolerance in older adults with prediabetes, depending on phenotype

Control Group (CG)

Patients underwent a supervised strength training program aimed at muscle hypertrophy.

Strength Training (ST)

Patients were randomized to ST, ET or CG in a 1:1:1 fashion using Pocock’s minimization algorithm. Supervised ST was performed on training machines on two non-consecutive days of the week.

Patients underwent a supervised endurance training program on cycle ergometers and other equipment.

Endurance Training (ET)

Patients were randomized to ST, ET or CG in a 1:1:1 fashion using Pocock’s minimization algorithm. Supervised ET was performed on cycle ergometers, mountain climbers, cross trainers and treadmills.

Control group received advice to exercise twice a week for about 65 minutes.

The CG received advice to exercise twice a week for about 65 min.

Structured exercise improves weight loss after gastric bypass surgery

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Resistance training × Lean body mass

Available supporting studies

HIIT and Aerobic-Resistance Training Improve Diabetes Outcomes

Resistance training improves 2-hour glucose tolerance in older adults with prediabetes, depending on phenotype

Structured exercise improves weight loss after gastric bypass surgery