Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Control Group (CG)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants underwent a supervised aerobic cycling programme for 12 weeks.

Exercise Group (EG)

The EG underwent a supervised aerobic cycling programme for 12 weeks (4 sessions/week, 50 min/session).

Participants continued their usual care without any additional intervention.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Aerobic cycling improves metabolic health in middle-aged men with diabetes

Standard lifestyle advice

Participants performed supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise three times per week.

Exercise Group

The exercise group performed supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise programme three times per week (treadmill and cycling, 50%–70% of maximum heart rate).

Participants received standard lifestyle advice.

Both groups received standard lifestyle advice.

Aerobic exercise improves vascular health in prediabetes

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Not reported in the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, comparator, risk_of_bias.

Participants with low insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Low-IR Group

Fifty-five T2DM patients stratified by fasting C-peptide tertiles into low- (Group 1), moderate- (Group 2), and high-IR groups (Group 3) completed a 4-week moderate-intensity combined aerobic-resistance exercise program.

Participants with moderate insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Moderate-IR Group

Participants with high insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

High-IR Group

Authoritative quality diagnostic: authoritative design unavailable.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Aerobic exercise × Body weight

Available supporting studies

Aerobic cycling improves metabolic health in middle-aged men with diabetes

Aerobic exercise improves vascular health in prediabetes

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance