Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

MDI therapy

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: sample_size.

Patients treated with the Android‐HCL therapy for type 1 diabetes.

HCL therapy

The intraday glucose fluctuation (especially after lunch, before sleep, and during sleep) of the Android‐HCL system was significantly superior to that of the sequential multi‐injection insulin therapy.

Patients treated with multiple injections of insulin.

Compared with MDI, HCL had a higher overall TIR ( p < 0.05), lower TAR, TBR, and average blood glucose.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes

CSII + CGM

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first.

Closed-loop therapy

The randomized, controlled, crossover, two-period, open-label, and multicenter study was conducted from August 2022 to July 2023 in 17 individuals (9 to receive 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first and 8 to receive 6 weeks of closed-loop therapy first).

Participants received 6 weeks of CSII + CGM first.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Closed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Conventional insulin pump therapy

Participants received the open-source hybrid closed-loop AID system.

Closed-loop group

Participants were randomly assigned to the open-source hybrid closed-loop automated insulin delivery (AID) group (closed-loop group) or the control group.

Participants received conventional insulin pump therapy.

In the control group, participants received conventional insulin pump therapy with the same devices.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Hybrid closed-loop system × Time above range

Available supporting studies

Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes

Closed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Open-source AID improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes during surgery