Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

3 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

3 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received 50 days of continuous glucose monitoring.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

30 participants with chronic pancreatitis and insulin-treated diabetes were randomised to 50 days of CGM or SMBG, separated by a 20-day washout period.

Participants received 50 days of self-monitoring of blood glucose.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

CGM enhances glycaemic control in chronic pancreatitis diabetes.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, arms, risk_of_bias.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Community pharmacy-led diabetes management improves glycemic control in adults with T2DM

Usual Care (UC) Arm

Participants in this arm used Dexcom G6 for continuous glucose monitoring.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) Arm

Participants were randomly assigned to Dexcom G6 CGM (n=30) use or usual care (UC) (n=15) consisting of Safe-Accu glucose monitors and strips.

Participants in this arm performed home blood glucose monitoring using Safe-Accu glucose meters.

Participants in the UC arm were asked to perform home blood glucose monitoring using Safe-Accu glucose meters and test strips at least once daily.

Continuous glucose monitoring may improve diabetes management in rural Malawi

Usual diabetes care

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes using Dexcom ONE CGM for 6 months.

Dexcom ONE CGM group

In this single-site prospective study, adults with type 1 (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) taking two or more insulin injections per day initiated Dexcom ONE CGM use and attended follow-up data collection visits after 3 and 6 months.

Participants received usual diabetes care during the study.

During the study, participants received usual diabetes care.

Dexcom ONE use significantly reduces HbA1c in diabetes patients.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

A multidisciplinary therapeutic education program integrated into routine clinical care for adults with type 1 diabetes.

Multidisciplinary hybrid education intervention

The intervention was conducted between January and May 2023 and consisted of a multidisciplinary therapeutic education program integrated into routine clinical care.

Education Model Improves Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes

Standard care

Patients performed CGM monitoring and insulin doses were adjusted remotely by a specialist.

Telemedicine-assisted insulin titration

Eighty-five patients on stable basal-bolus insulin therapy were assigned to either telemedicine-assisted insulin titration based on CGM data (intervention group) or standard care with capillary blood glucose monitoring (control group).

Patients performed their usual capillary blood glucose monitoring; insulin doses were adjusted by their healthcare providers.

Patients assigned to the control arm (Standard of Care [SoC]) performed their usual capillary blood glucose monitoring; insulin doses were adjusted, if needed, by their healthcare providers.

Continuous glucose monitoring × Time in range

Available supporting studies

CGM enhances glycaemic control in chronic pancreatitis diabetes.

Community pharmacy-led diabetes management improves glycemic control in adults with T2DM

Continuous glucose monitoring may improve diabetes management in rural Malawi

Dexcom ONE use significantly reduces HbA1c in diabetes patients.

Education Model Improves Glycemic Control in Type 1 Diabetes

Telemedicine improves glucose control in nursing home residents with diabetes.