Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Control (CTR) group

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Patients received general non-surgical periodontal treatment only.

Scaling and Root Planing (SRP) group

The patients were randomly assigned to the scaling and root planing (SRP) group; the scaling and root planing with additional toothbrushing (SRPAT) group, in which additional toothbrushing was performed by toothpick methods; or the control group.

Patients received non-surgical periodontal treatment accompanied by toothbrushing.

Scaling and Root Planing with Additional Toothbrushing (SRPAT) group

Patients received no additional treatment beyond standard care.

Additional toothbrushing improves oral health in type 2 diabetes patients

SRP group

Patients received scaling and root planing (SRP) and adjunctive aPDT therapy.

SRP + aPDT group

The study was conducted on 49 subjects with type II DM and periodontitis, divided into two groups: the SRP group (n = 25), who followed SRP alone, and the SRP + aPDT group (n = 24), who followed SRP and four weekly sessions of indocyanine green irradiation by an 810 nm diode laser.

Patients received only scaling and root planing (SRP).

Adjunctive therapy improves periodontal outcomes in diabetes patients

Oral hygiene instructions (OHI)

Subjects received full mouth debridement and were instructed in oral hygiene methods.

Non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT)

Assigned treatment for the NSPT group was full mouth debridement, which consisted of scaling and root planing, was done in a single visit for all subjects in the NSPT group using an ultrasonic scaler.

Subjects received oral hygiene instructions and motivation without any interventional treatment.

No interventional treatment was given to the OHI group apart from oral hygiene instructions and motivation.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

NSPT improves plaque index and glycemic control in diabetes.

Participants received immediate SRP treatment along with oral hygiene instruction.

SRP + OHI

Twenty-seven of them were randomly assigned to receive SRP + OHI treatment immediately.

Participants received only oral hygiene instruction and delayed SRP treatment.

Twenty-four only receive OHI and the delayed SRP treatment.

SRP + OHI × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Additional toothbrushing improves oral health in type 2 diabetes patients

Adjunctive therapy improves periodontal outcomes in diabetes patients

NSPT improves plaque index and glycemic control in diabetes.

Subgingival scaling may improve glycemic control in diabetes