Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 2 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. Age groups were heterogeneous: 2 studies with adult participants, 1 studies with youth participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

4 of 5 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Control Group

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants received a digital educational program delivered over 8 sessions across 4 weeks.

Digital educational program based on Orem's Self-Care Theory

A multi-stage cluster random sampling method was used to allocate patients into two groups: the intervention group (receiving the digital educational program) and the control group, with 48 participants in each.

Participants received standard care without the digital educational program.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Digital education improves self-care and reduces HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

Standard routine care

Children receiving four structured, two-hour supportive-educative sessions based on Orem's Self-Care Model.

Orem's Self-Care Model-based program

Participants were allocated into intervention ( n = 24) and control ( n = 24) groups based on clinic grouping. The intervention comprised four structured, two-hour supportive–educative sessions grounded in Orem’s model.

Children receiving standard routine care without the intervention.

Standard routine care was provided to the control group.

Orem’s Self-Care Model improves diabetes outcomes in children

Waitlist control group

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received a self-compassion intervention through 6 virtual group meetings over 12 weeks.

Self-compassion intervention group

Thirty-four participants, aged 18–30 years, were randomized to receive and complete a self-compassion intervention (n=16) or placed in a waitlist control group (n=17). The self-compassion group participated in 6 (12 hours over 12 weeks) virtual group meetings.

Participants in this group were placed on a waitlist and received the intervention after 12 weeks.

Thirty-four participants, aged 18–30 years, were randomized to receive and complete a self-compassion intervention (n=16) or placed in a waitlist control group (n=17). After 12 weeks, the control group was offered the same intervention program.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Glycemic Control in Young Adults with T1D

Antenatal usual care

Received 8 virtual counseling sessions based on stress management.

Stress management-based self-care counseling

The intervention group received 8 virtual counseling sessions once a week for 45–50 min continuously based on stress management.

The control group only received antenatal usual care (AUC).

Stress management counseling improves blood sugar control in gestational diabetes

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: arms, comparator.

Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-care × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Digital education improves self-care and reduces HbA1c in type 2 diabetes

Orem’s Self-Care Model improves diabetes outcomes in children

Self-Compassion Intervention Improves Glycemic Control in Young Adults with T1D

Stress management counseling improves blood sugar control in gestational diabetes

WhatsApp group improves self-care and HbA1c in women with diabetes