Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

3 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants exercised 3 times a week on different cardiovascular equipment, gradually increasing duration and intensity.

Aerobic Group

The aerobic group exercised 3 times a week on different cardiovascular equipment (treadmill, cyclette and elliptical). During the initial phase (weeks 1–2), participants exercised for 30–40 min at 40–60% of the reserve heart rate. Thereafter, training duration gradually increased up to 60 min per session and, subsequently, intensity gradually reached 60–65% of the reserve heart rate.

Participants performed 9 different exercises in 3 weekly sessions using weight machines and free weights.

Resistance Group

The resistance group performed 9 different exercises in 3 weekly sessions, by using weight machines and free weights. During the learning phase (weeks 1–2) subjects performed 3 series of 10–12 repetitions at 30–50% 1RM.

Aerobic exercise lowers blood glucose more than resistance exercise in T2 diabetes.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, comparator, risk_of_bias.

Participants with low insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Low-IR Group

Fifty-five T2DM patients stratified by fasting C-peptide tertiles into low- (Group 1), moderate- (Group 2), and high-IR groups (Group 3) completed a 4-week moderate-intensity combined aerobic-resistance exercise program.

Participants with moderate insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Moderate-IR Group

Participants with high insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

High-IR Group

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Participants received regular diabetes treatment, including diet amendments and medication.

Regular diabetes treatment

The control group received regular diabetes treatment, including diet amendments, regular and balanced exercise, and abstinence from smoking and alcohol.

Participants performed Tai Chi as part of their exercise regimen.

Aerobic Exercise Group (AEX)

The aerobic exercise group performs Tai Chi.

Participants performed elastic band exercises.

Resistance Exercise Group (REX)

The resistance group performs elastic band exercises.

Participants performed both Tai Chi and resistance exercises.

Combined Exercise Group (COMB)

The COMB group performs both Tai Chi and resistance exercise.

Aerobic exercise × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Aerobic exercise lowers blood glucose more than resistance exercise in T2 diabetes.

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Exercise Improves Sleep Quality in Type 2 Diabetes