Última actualización 3 de septiembre de 2026
Key finding
The TBG+AIPN group achieved significantly greater improvements than the TBG group in diabetes knowledge (p = 0.040).
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies on self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy, finding significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies on self-care in patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy, finding significant improvements in diabetes knowledge and self-efficacy.
Improving health literacy is crucial for patients with diabetes, as it can lead to better self-management and health outcomes. This study highlights the potential of innovative educational tools, like photo-novels, to enhance understanding and self-efficacy, which are key components in managing diabetes effectively.
The study did not assess long-term effects of the interventions. Sample size and demographic diversity may limit generalizability. Perceived social support showed no significant differences, indicating a potential area for further research.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Tooba C, Homamodin J, Marzieh M, Mahnoush R. Effectiveness of a Social Cognitive Theory-based intervention with health literacy strategies in enhancing self-care among patients with type 2 diabetes and limited health literacy. BMC Health Services Research. 2026;26:792. doi:10.1186/s12913-026-14849-9
The TBG+AIPN group showed a 2.5 score increase in diabetes knowledge (p = 0.040).
The TBG+AIPN group demonstrated a 5 score increase in self-efficacy (p = 0.020).
The TBG+AIPN group had a 3 score increase in outcome expectations (p = 0.030).
The TBG+AIPN group exhibited a 4 score increase in self-regulation (p = 0.020).
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention, Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) and Diabetes knowledge, Exercise self-efficacy, Outcome expectations, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
57
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Evidencia principal
Tema de evidencia
matched_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Diabetes knowledge
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Diabetes knowledge
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Exercise self-efficacy
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Exercise self-efficacy
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Outcome expectations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Outcome expectations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Perceived support
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Perceived support
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Diabetes knowledge
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Diabetes knowledge
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Exercise self-efficacy
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Exercise self-efficacy
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Outcome expectations
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Outcome expectations
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Perceived support
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Perceived support
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
Social Cognitive Theory-based group (TBG) → Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention and Activities of Daily Living, Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention and Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Activities of Daily Living
Measures Activities of Daily Living as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Measures Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy as a key outcome.
All studies on Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention
Contributes to Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention evidence base.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve diabetes knowledge.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Diabetes knowledge
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve exercise self-efficacy.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Exercise self-efficacy
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve outcome expectations.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Outcome expectations
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Improved Treatment as Usual (iTAU) combined with a blended low-intensity psychological intervention appears to improve self-regulation measured using the physical activity self-regulation scale.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Self-regulation measured using the Physical Activity Self-Regulation Scale
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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