Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 48
- Emerging
- ImpactScore™
- 55
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerType 2 Diabetes (T2D)Nutrition & DietBehavioral Intervention
Research Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Lifestyle changes plus probiotic use were linked with better HbA1c in one man with type 2 diabetes
Last updated May 26, 2026
Key finding
In one man with long-standing type 2 diabetes, a combined non-drug plan including lifestyle changes and probiotic supplementation was associated with lower HbA1c, lower triglycerides, and improved body composition over 3 to 6 months.
This case report describes one patient with type 2 diabetes who chose a non-drug plan including diet and exercise changes, probiotic supplementation, and other supplements while also receiving testosterone therapy. HbA1c and several metabolic markers improved at 3 months. Because this is a single case with overlapping treatments, cause and effect are uncertain.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Low
Study type
non-randomized clinical trial (non-RCT or NRCT)
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
High Risk
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
In one man with long-standing type 2 diabetes, a combined non-drug plan including lifestyle changes and probiotic supplementation was associated with lower HbA1c, lower triglycerides, and improved body composition over 3 to 6 months.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Griffith A, Perlman A, Karr T, Thompson ME, Kolterman O. Case Report: Lifestyle changes and probiotic supplementation for improving longstanding type 2 diabetes in a male undergoing testosterone replacement therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1754430. doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1754430
Main Effects
↓ HbA1c decreased from 7.2% to 5.9% at 3 months
↓ Triglycerides decreased from 667 mg/dL to 113 mg/dL at 3 months
↓ Body fat mass and body weight decreased over 6 months
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Behavioral counseling, Probiotics and Body weight, HbA1c, Treatment adherence, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Behavioral counseling
Primary outcomes
- Body weight
- HbA1c
- Treatment adherence
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
7
Evidence pairs
7
Relationships
7
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 54
7
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
770
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 7 evidence relationships
- Uses a randomized study design signal
- Linked to 7 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Probiotics and Synbiotics and HbA1c
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Treatment Adherence
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 64
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerTreatment adherence
Behavioral counseling → Treatment adherence
Behavioral counseling → Treatment adherence
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 73
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 55
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 48
- Emerging
- ImpactScore™
- 55
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 48
- Emerging
- ImpactScore™
- 55
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 73
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 68
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 48
- Emerging
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- A combined lifestyle-plus-probiotic strategy may support short-term metabolic improvement in selected individuals
- Body composition can improve alongside glycemic markers in comprehensive non-drug plans
- Single-case evidence is hypothesis-generating and cannot establish causality
Who this applies to
Adults with type 2 diabetes who are motivated for intensive lifestyle change
Keep in Mind
This is low-certainty evidence from one person
Between the Lines
- Single-patient case report without control group
- Multiple interventions started together, including testosterone therapy
- Potential sponsor and conflict-of-interest bias
- Several outcomes were not reassessed at 6 months
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Probiotics and Synbiotics and HbA1c, Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs and Treatment Adherence.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Probiotics and Synbiotics → HbA1c
Supplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 73
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 68
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceBehavioral & Lifestyle
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs → Treatment Adherence
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 73
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 55
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs Evidence Hub
All studies on Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
3 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs evidence base.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Probiotics and Synbiotics Evidence Hub
All studies on Probiotics and Synbiotics
3 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Probiotics and Synbiotics evidence base.
Treatment Adherence Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Treatment Adherence
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Treatment Adherence as a key outcome.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Probiotics and HbA1c
Intervention: ProbioticsOutcome: HbA1c
3 results
All studies on Behavioral counseling and Treatment adherence
Intervention: Behavioral counselingOutcome: Treatment adherence
3 results
All studies on Probiotics
Intervention: Probiotics
3 results
All studies on Behavioral counseling
Intervention: Behavioral counseling
3 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
3 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 64.2 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 30 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Probiotics and Synbiotics improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Probiotics and Synbiotics appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 73.2 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 12 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs improve treatment adherence?
Strong Evidence
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs may improve Treatment Adherence.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Treatment adherence
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 73.0 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 9 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Probiotics and Synbiotics improve adipokine and angiogenic markers?
Strong Evidence
Probiotics and Synbiotics may improve Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Triglycerides
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 48.3 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 10 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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