Moderate ResearchModerate Research
HbA1c Reduction
Evidence related to lowering or improving HbA1c/A1C in diabetes management.
- Studies
- 145
- Evidence
- Moderate Research
Featured interventions
TirzepatideSemaglutideMetformin
Outcome Evidence
Outcome Evidence
Explore diabetes-related outcomes, how they are measured, and which interventions affect them.
666
Outcomes
Distinct outcomes measured across diabetes research
39
Outcome Groups
Backend-defined outcome groups with evidence coverage
326
Research Studies
Active research documents analyzed in the evidence graph
1,744
Evidence Relationships
Intervention-outcome relationships with scored evidence
244
Interventions
Distinct interventions represented in the evidence graph
Last updated: July 10, 2026
Dediabetes organizes diabetes outcomes by interventions studied, evidence strength, research coverage, and validated evidence relationships.
Featured Outcomes
Moderate ResearchModerate Research
Weight Loss
Evidence related to body weight reduction, BMI improvement, waist circumference, and body composition changes.
- Studies
- 75
- Evidence
- Moderate Research
Featured interventions
SemaglutideTirzepatideSodium Butyrate
Moderate ResearchModerate Research
Glycemic Control
Evidence related to blood glucose control, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glucose variability, and time in range.
- Studies
- 78
- Evidence
- Moderate Research
Featured interventions
Insulin degludecStructured multidisciplinary case managementMetformin
Moderate ResearchModerate Research
Treatment Adherence
Evidence related to treatment adherence, medication use, physical activity participation, step count, diet intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-care behavior adherence.
- Studies
- 45
- Evidence
- Moderate Research
Featured interventions
Mobile app for diabetes self-managementStructured multidisciplinary case managementDigital physician-pharmacist collaborative care
Moderate ResearchModerate Research
Inflammatory and Vascular Markers
Evidence related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, endothelial, and vascular biomarkers measured in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 28
- Evidence
- Moderate Research
Featured interventions
ClazakizumabMultispecies probiotic supplementationInsulin therapy
Limited ResearchLimited Research
Physical Activity Levels
Evidence related to physical activity levels and physical activity changes in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 10
- Evidence
- Limited Research
Featured interventions
Digital physician-pharmacist collaborative careDigital-based lifestyle interventionSMS text messaging behavioral intervention for health promotion
What's New in Outcome Evidence
January 1, 2026
BL21 Probiotic Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Carob concentrate may improve blood sugar markers in prediabetes
Relevant to 4 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Curcuma longa extract improves neuropathy symptoms in type 2 diabetes
Relevant to 9 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Curcumin may improve inflammation and glycemic control in diabetes
Relevant to 7 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Curcumin-Piperine Improves Mental Health and Sleep in Diabetic Retinopathy
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Dapagliflozin-linagliptin combo improves glycemic control and organ protection
Relevant to 3 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Daqing Diabetes Prevention Study II
Relevant to 1 evidence relationship in this category.
January 1, 2026
Digital Health Intervention Improves Self-Care for Gestational Diabetes
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
Explore Outcomes by Category
Metabolic Health
155Evidence for outcomes in Metabolic Health.
Supplements and NutraceuticalsModerate
Serum concentration of vitamin DModerate
Cardiometabolic RiskEmerging
Cardiometabolic RiskEmerging
Glycemic Control
59Evidence for outcomes in Glycemic Control.
Explore categorySafety
28Evidence for outcomes in Safety.
Adverse Events and SafetyEmerging
HypoglycemiaEmerging
HypoglycemiaEmerging
Adverse Events and SafetyEmerging
Clinical Outcomes
229Evidence for outcomes in Clinical Outcomes.
Cardiometabolic RiskModerate
Cardiometabolic RiskEmerging
Diabetic Kidney DiseaseEmerging
Cardiometabolic RiskEmerging
Adherence & Engagement
64Evidence for outcomes in Adherence & Engagement.
Diabetic NeuropathyEmerging
Weight & Anthropometrics
19Evidence for outcomes in Weight & Anthropometrics.
Explore categoryPatient Reported
82Evidence for outcomes in Patient Reported.
Diabetic NeuropathyEmerging
Outcome Evidence Snapshot
70
Strongest Outcome Evidence
Outcomes with the strongest supported intervention relationships.
Dietary Patterns
161
Most Studied Outcome
Entity with the broadest research coverage in this index.
Dietary Patterns
121
Most Connected Outcome
Entity connected to the most scored evidence relationships.
Dietary Patterns
0
Strong Validated Relationships
Top-ranked group relationships with strong or very strong evidence labels.
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists -> HbA1c
Most Validated Intervention-Outcome Relationships
Backend-ranked relationships with public evidence and consistency score objects.
| Intervention | Outcome | EvidenceScore™ | ConsistencyScore™ | Studies | Explore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | HbA1c | 65/100 | 93/100 | 24 | Explore |
| GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | Body Weight | 60/100 | 90/100 | 23 | Explore |
| Metformin Therapies | HbA1c | 59/100 | 89/100 | 8 | Explore |
| GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | Cardiovascular Outcomes | 55/100 | 61/100 | 9 | Explore |
| Insulin Therapies | Insulin Resistance | 55/100 | 100/100 | 3 | Explore |
| Insulin Delivery Systems | HbA1c | 55/100 | 100/100 | 5 | Explore |
| Insulin Therapies | Fasting Glucose | 54/100 | 100/100 | 4 | Explore |
| Thiazolidinediones | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 54/100 | 0/100 | 2 | Explore |
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - HbA1c
65/10093/10024 studies
Explore evidenceGLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Body Weight
60/10090/10023 studies
Explore evidenceMetformin Therapies - HbA1c
59/10089/1008 studies
Explore evidenceGLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Cardiovascular Outcomes
55/10061/1009 studies
Explore evidenceInsulin Therapies - Insulin Resistance
55/100100/1003 studies
Explore evidenceInsulin Delivery Systems - HbA1c
55/100100/1005 studies
Explore evidenceInsulin Therapies - Fasting Glucose
54/100100/1004 studies
Explore evidenceThiazolidinediones - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
54/1000/1002 studies
Explore evidenceEvidence by Outcome and Intervention Groups
| Outcome group | Featured intervention group | Relationships | Studies | Evidence | Explore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | 57 | 95 | Moderate | Browse |
| Body Weight | GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | 32 | 39 | Emerging | Browse |
| Cardiovascular Outcomes | GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | 17 | 18 | Emerging | Browse |
| Insulin Resistance | Insulin Therapies | 33 | 27 | Emerging | Browse |
| Fasting Glucose | Insulin Therapies | 42 | 44 | Emerging | Browse |
| Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | Thiazolidinediones | 82 | 38 | Emerging | Browse |
| Quality of Life Outcomes | Magnesium Supplements | 12 | 12 | Emerging | Browse |
| Left Ventricular Structure | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | 6 | 2 | Emerging | Browse |
| Hypoglycemia | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | 27 | 22 | Emerging | Browse |
| Activities of Daily Living | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | 3 | 3 | Emerging | Browse |
| Mental Health | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | 4 | 2 | Emerging | Browse |
| Blood Pressure | Metformin Therapies | 21 | 15 | Emerging | Browse |
HbA1c
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
57 relationships95 studiesModerate
Browse evidenceBody Weight
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
32 relationships39 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceCardiovascular Outcomes
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
17 relationships18 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceInsulin Resistance
Insulin Therapies
33 relationships27 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceFasting Glucose
Insulin Therapies
42 relationships44 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceAdipokine and Angiogenic Markers
Thiazolidinediones
82 relationships38 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceQuality of Life Outcomes
Magnesium Supplements
12 relationships12 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceLeft Ventricular Structure
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
6 relationships2 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceHypoglycemia
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
27 relationships22 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceActivities of Daily Living
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
3 relationships3 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceMental Health
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
4 relationships2 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceBlood Pressure
Metformin Therapies
21 relationships15 studiesEmerging
Browse evidenceAll Outcomes
Browse 666 outcomes represented in the evidence graph.
Showing 1-25 of 666 outcomes
| Outcome | Category | Group | Studies | Interventions | Evidence | Explore |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | Glycemic Control | HbA1c | 161 | 121 | Moderate | |
| Body weight | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Weight | 52 | 44 | Moderate | |
| Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 7 | 5 | Moderate | |
| Cardiovascular events | Clinical Outcomes | Cardiovascular Outcomes | 6 | 5 | Moderate | |
| Serum concentration of vitamin D | Metabolic Health | 4 | 1 | Moderate | ||
| BMI | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Mass Index | 44 | 40 | Emerging | |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 41 | 40 | Emerging | |
| Triglycerides | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 35 | 36 | Emerging | |
| LDL cholesterol | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 33 | 35 | Emerging | |
| Insulin resistance | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 31 | 32 | Emerging | |
| Systolic blood pressure | Metabolic Health | Blood Pressure | 33 | 31 | Emerging | |
| Total cholesterol | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 29 | 31 | Emerging | |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 28 | 27 | Emerging | |
| HDL cholesterol | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 25 | 26 | Emerging | |
| Blood glucose | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 23 | 22 | Emerging | |
| Quality of life | Patient-Reported | Quality of Life Outcomes | 22 | 21 | Emerging | |
| Adverse events incidence | Safety | Adverse Events and Safety | 21 | 21 | Emerging | |
| Hypoglycemia events | Safety | Hypoglycemia | 16 | 21 | Emerging | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Metabolic Health | Blood Pressure | 22 | 20 | Emerging | |
| Glucose iAUC (OGTT) | Glycemic Control | Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | 21 | 19 | Emerging | |
| Postprandial blood glucose | Glycemic Control | Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | 12 | 17 | Emerging | |
| Waist circumference | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Composition | 20 | 16 | Emerging | |
| Diabetes self-management behaviors | Patient-Reported | Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy | 15 | 15 | Emerging | |
| Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization) | Clinical Outcomes | Cardiovascular Outcomes | 15 | 14 | Emerging | |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate | Clinical Outcomes | Kidney Function | 14 | 14 | Emerging |
HbA1c
Glycemic Control - HbA1c
161 studies121 interventions
Body weight
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Weight
52 studies44 interventions
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
7 studies5 interventions
Cardiovascular events
Clinical Outcomes - Cardiovascular Outcomes
6 studies5 interventions
Serum concentration of vitamin D
Metabolic Health
4 studies1 interventions
BMI
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Mass Index
44 studies40 interventions
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
41 studies40 interventions
Triglycerides
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
35 studies36 interventions
LDL cholesterol
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
33 studies35 interventions
Insulin resistance
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
31 studies32 interventions
Systolic blood pressure
Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure
33 studies31 interventions
Total cholesterol
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
29 studies31 interventions
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
28 studies27 interventions
HDL cholesterol
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
25 studies26 interventions
Blood glucose
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
23 studies22 interventions
Quality of life
Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes
22 studies21 interventions
Adverse events incidence
Safety - Adverse Events and Safety
21 studies21 interventions
Hypoglycemia events
Safety - Hypoglycemia
16 studies21 interventions
Diastolic blood pressure
Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure
22 studies20 interventions
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
21 studies19 interventions
Postprandial blood glucose
Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
12 studies17 interventions
Waist circumference
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Composition
20 studies16 interventions
Diabetes self-management behaviors
Patient-Reported - Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
15 studies15 interventions
Composite cardiovascular events (CV death, MI, stroke, HF hospitalization)
Clinical Outcomes - Cardiovascular Outcomes
15 studies14 interventions
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
Clinical Outcomes - Kidney Function
14 studies14 interventions