Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
HbA1c Reduction
Evidence related to lowering or improving HbA1c/A1C in diabetes management.
- Studies
- 298
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
DSMESUsual careLifestyle intervention for prediabetes
Outcome Evidence
Outcome Evidence
Explore diabetes-related outcomes, how they are measured, and which interventions affect them.
1,453
Outcomes
Distinct outcomes measured across diabetes research
45
Outcome Groups
Backend-defined outcome groups with evidence coverage
869
Research Studies
Active research documents analyzed in the evidence index
4,544
Evidence Relationships
Intervention-outcome relationships with scored evidence
516
Interventions
Distinct interventions represented in the evidence index
Dediabetes organizes diabetes outcomes by interventions studied, evidence strength, research coverage, and validated evidence relationships.
Featured Outcomes
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Weight Loss
Evidence related to body weight reduction, BMI improvement, waist circumference, and body composition changes.
- Studies
- 174
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Low-carbohydrate dietSemaglutideEmpagliflozin
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Glycemic Control
Evidence related to blood glucose control, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, glucose variability, and time in range.
- Studies
- 205
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
MetforminGastric bypassMediterranean diet
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Treatment Adherence
Evidence related to treatment adherence, medication use, physical activity participation, step count, diet intake, fruit and vegetable intake, and self-care behavior adherence.
- Studies
- 77
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Instructional WhatsApp group for diabetes self-careMobile app for diabetes self-managementDSMES
Extensive ResearchExtensive Research
Inflammatory and Vascular Markers
Evidence related to inflammatory, oxidative stress, endothelial, and vascular biomarkers measured in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 68
- Evidence
- Extensive Research
Featured interventions
Exercise therapySemaglutideVitamin D supplementation
Limited ResearchLimited Research
Physical Activity Levels
Evidence related to physical activity levels and physical activity changes in diabetes studies.
- Studies
- 23
- Evidence
- Limited Research
Featured interventions
Peer-support lifestyle programLifestyle intervention for prediabetesCulturally Adapted Lifestyle Intervention for Diabetes Prevention
What's New in Outcome Evidence
January 1, 2026
Aloe Vera Gel Improves Periodontal Health in Diabetic Patients
Relevant to 5 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Benfotiamine shows no significant effects on diabetic neuropathy
Relevant to 5 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
BL21 Probiotic Improves Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Caloric restriction improves glycemic control
Relevant to 8 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Canagliflozin slows kidney function decline in type 2 diabetes.
Relevant to 6 evidence relationships in this category.
January 1, 2026
Community-Based Intervention Improves Diabetes Management in Low-Income Adults
Relevant to 2 evidence relationships in this category.
Explore Outcomes by Category
Metabolic Health
315Evidence for outcomes in Metabolic Health.
Cardiometabolic RiskStrong
Cardiometabolic RiskStrong
Dietary PatternsStrong
Cardiometabolic RiskStrong
Clinical Outcomes
527Evidence for outcomes in Clinical Outcomes.
Plaque Index (PI)Strong
Cardiometabolic RiskStrong
Patient Reported
193Evidence for outcomes in Patient Reported.
Explore categoryWeight & Anthropometrics
43Evidence for outcomes in Weight & Anthropometrics.
Explore categoryAdherence & Engagement
109Evidence for outcomes in Adherence & Engagement.
Diabetic NeuropathyStrong
Safety
65Evidence for outcomes in Safety.
HypoglycemiaStrong
Glycemic Control
151Evidence for outcomes in Glycemic Control.
Explore categoryMost Validated Intervention-Outcome Relationships
Top-ranked relationships with available EvidenceScore™ and ConsistencyScore™ signals.
Supporting studies: Based on 17 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 27 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 16 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 37 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 17 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 9 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 8 studies
Explore evidenceSupporting studies: Based on 19 studies
Explore evidenceEvidence by Outcome and Intervention Groups
| Outcome group | Featured intervention group | EvidenceScore™ | Studies | Relationships | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fasting Glucose | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 122 | 89 | Browse |
| CGM Time in Range | Insulin Delivery Systems | Strong | 61 | 72 | Browse |
| HbA1c | Insulin Delivery Systems | Strong | 210 | 90 | Browse |
| Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 22 | 21 | Browse |
| Hypoglycemia | Insulin Delivery Systems | Strong | 32 | 33 | Browse |
| Body Weight | SGLT2 Inhibitors | Strong | 94 | 55 | Browse |
| Body Mass Index | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 68 | 49 | Browse |
| Quality of Life Outcomes | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 38 | 32 | Browse |
| Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 67 | 113 | Browse |
| Mental Health | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 21 | 29 | Browse |
| Blood Pressure | Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs | Strong | 41 | 45 | Browse |
| Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | Metformin Therapies | Strong | 49 | 46 | Browse |
Fasting Glucose
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 122
89 relationships
Browse evidenceCGM Time in Range
Insulin Delivery Systems
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 61
72 relationships
Browse evidenceHbA1c
Insulin Delivery Systems
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 210
90 relationships
Browse evidenceDiabetes Management Self-Efficacy
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 22
21 relationships
Browse evidenceHypoglycemia
Insulin Delivery Systems
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 32
33 relationships
Browse evidenceBody Weight
SGLT2 Inhibitors
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 94
55 relationships
Browse evidenceBody Mass Index
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 68
49 relationships
Browse evidenceQuality of Life Outcomes
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 38
32 relationships
Browse evidenceAdipokine and Angiogenic Markers
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 67
113 relationships
Browse evidenceMental Health
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 21
29 relationships
Browse evidenceBlood Pressure
Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support (DSMES) Programs
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 41
45 relationships
Browse evidencePostprandial and OGTT Glucose
Metformin Therapies
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Studies
- 49
46 relationships
Browse evidenceAll Outcomes
Browse 1,453 outcomes represented in the evidence graph.
Showing 1-25 of 1,453 outcomes
| Outcome | Category | Group | EvidenceScore™ | Studies | Interventions | Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c | Glycemic Control | HbA1c | 86/100 | 417 | 262 | |
| Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 84/100 | 147 | 121 | |
| Body weight | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Weight | 86/100 | 135 | 99 | |
| BMI | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Mass Index | 79/100 | 95 | 80 | |
| Triglycerides | Metabolic Health | Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers | 79/100 | 73 | 77 | |
| Systolic blood pressure | Metabolic Health | Blood Pressure | 79/100 | 76 | 66 | |
| Insulin resistance | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 69 | 62 | |
| Glucose iAUC (OGTT) | Glycemic Control | Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | 83/100 | 56 | 58 | |
| Fasting blood sugar (FBS) | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 79/100 | 55 | 56 | |
| Time in range | Glycemic Control | CGM Time in Range | 88/100 | 72 | 51 | |
| Blood glucose | Glycemic Control | Fasting Glucose | 79/100 | 56 | 51 | |
| Quality of life | Patient-Reported | Quality of Life Outcomes | 79/100 | 53 | 48 | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | Metabolic Health | Blood Pressure | 79/100 | 48 | 46 | |
| Waist circumference | Weight & Anthropometrics | Body Composition | 85/100 | 53 | 42 | |
| Fasting insulin levels | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 30 | 31 | |
| C-reactive protein | Metabolic Health | Inflammatory Markers | 81/100 | 37 | 30 | |
| Adverse events incidence | Safety | Adverse Events and Safety | 79/100 | 31 | 28 | |
| Sleep quality | Patient-Reported | Quality of Life Outcomes | 79/100 | 29 | 28 | |
| Periodontal probing depth | Clinical Outcomes | 83/100 | 41 | 27 | ||
| Depression score | Patient-Reported | Mental Health | 79/100 | 26 | 24 | |
| Clinical attachment level | Clinical Outcomes | 84/100 | 37 | 23 | ||
| Diabetes self-management behaviors | Patient-Reported | Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy | 79/100 | 29 | 22 | |
| Total daily insulin dose | Metabolic Health | Insulin Resistance | 79/100 | 23 | 20 | |
| Interleukin-6 (IL-6) | Metabolic Health | Inflammatory Markers | 79/100 | 22 | 20 | |
| 2-hour plasma glucose | Glycemic Control | Postprandial and OGTT Glucose | 78/100 | 23 | 19 |
HbA1c
Glycemic Control - HbA1c
- EvidenceScore™
- 86/100
- Studies
- 417
262 interventions
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 84/100
- Studies
- 147
121 interventions
Body weight
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Weight
- EvidenceScore™
- 86/100
- Studies
- 135
99 interventions
BMI
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Mass Index
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 95
80 interventions
Triglycerides
Metabolic Health - Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 73
77 interventions
Systolic blood pressure
Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 76
66 interventions
Insulin resistance
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 69
62 interventions
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 83/100
- Studies
- 56
58 interventions
Fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 55
56 interventions
Time in range
Glycemic Control - CGM Time in Range
- EvidenceScore™
- 88/100
- Studies
- 72
51 interventions
Blood glucose
Glycemic Control - Fasting Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 56
51 interventions
Quality of life
Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 53
48 interventions
Diastolic blood pressure
Metabolic Health - Blood Pressure
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 48
46 interventions
Waist circumference
Weight & Anthropometrics - Body Composition
- EvidenceScore™
- 85/100
- Studies
- 53
42 interventions
Fasting insulin levels
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 30
31 interventions
C-reactive protein
Metabolic Health - Inflammatory Markers
- EvidenceScore™
- 81/100
- Studies
- 37
30 interventions
Adverse events incidence
Safety - Adverse Events and Safety
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 31
28 interventions
Sleep quality
Patient-Reported - Quality of Life Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 29
28 interventions
Periodontal probing depth
Clinical Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 83/100
- Studies
- 41
27 interventions
Depression score
Patient-Reported - Mental Health
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 26
24 interventions
Clinical attachment level
Clinical Outcomes
- EvidenceScore™
- 84/100
- Studies
- 37
23 interventions
Diabetes self-management behaviors
Patient-Reported - Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 29
22 interventions
Total daily insulin dose
Metabolic Health - Insulin Resistance
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 23
20 interventions
Interleukin-6 (IL-6)
Metabolic Health - Inflammatory Markers
- EvidenceScore™
- 79/100
- Studies
- 22
20 interventions
2-hour plasma glucose
Glycemic Control - Postprandial and OGTT Glucose
- EvidenceScore™
- 78/100
- Studies
- 23
19 interventions