Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 87
- Very Positive
- EvidenceScore™
- 74
- Moderate
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Unlock full evidence detailsResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
AID improves glycaemia but worsens sleep in young T1D patients
Last updated July 11, 2026
Key finding
Sleep-related impairment improved more in the intervention group than in controls (MD = -4.7; 95% CI = -8.7, -0.8; p = 0.02).
The study evaluated the impact of automated insulin delivery on glycaemia and sleep in young people with type 1 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c but negative effects on sleep.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Extended (5–20+ y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.
Study focus
The study evaluated the impact of automated insulin delivery on glycaemia and sleep in young people with type 1 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c but negative effects on sleep.
Clinical relevance
These findings highlight the dual impact of automated insulin delivery systems, which can greatly enhance glycaemic control but may also compromise sleep quality. Clinicians should consider these trade-offs when recommending AID systems to young patients, as sleep is crucial for overall health and well-being.
Keep in mind
The study's sample size may limit generalizability. Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled. The long-term effects of AID on sleep remain unclear.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Venus RM, Alisa B, Jillian JH, et al. Automated Insulin Delivery Improves Glycaemia but Impacts Sleep in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetic Medicine. 2025;42(8):e70093. doi:10.1111/dme.70093
Main Effects
HbA1c levels improved by -34 mmol/mol in the AID group (p < 0.001).
Participants in the AID group experienced 21 more minutes awake after sleep onset (p = 0.04).
Sleep efficiency declined by 4.2 percentage points in the AID group (p = 0.03).
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system and HbA1c, Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires, Sleep efficiency, and 1 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
- HbA1c
- Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
- Sleep efficiency
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
4
Evidence pairs
4
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 63
1
Related topics
4
Evidence pairs
180
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 4 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Track related evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and HbA1c
Related evidence
Evidence topic
HbA1c Reduction
Follow evidence
Intervention
Insulin Delivery Systems
Follow intervention
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
Hybrid closed-loop system → Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
Hybrid closed-loop system → Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Unlock full evidence detailsSleep efficiency
Hybrid closed-loop system → Sleep efficiency
Hybrid closed-loop system → Sleep efficiency
Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 38
- Slightly Negative
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Unlock full evidence detailsWake time after sleep onset in minutes
Hybrid closed-loop system → Wake time after sleep onset in minutes
Hybrid closed-loop system → Wake time after sleep onset in minutes
Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 38
- Slightly Negative
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
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Evidence Suggest
- AID led to a significant reduction in HbA1c by -34 mmol/mol.
- Participants using AID were awake 21 minutes longer after falling asleep.
- Sleep efficiency decreased by 4.2 percentage points with AID.
Who this applies to
- Young individuals aged 12-25 with type 1 diabetes.
- Patients currently using or considering automated insulin delivery systems.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to older populations or those with type 2 diabetes.
- The impact on sleep may vary among individuals.
- Further research is needed to explore long-term effects of AID on sleep.
Between the Lines
- The study's sample size may limit generalizability.
- Potential confounding factors were not fully controlled.
- The long-term effects of AID on sleep remain unclear.
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and HbA1c, Insulin Delivery Systems and Sleep efficiency.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ArchiveThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Detailed evidenceInsulin Delivery Systems → HbA1c
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 87
- Very Positive
- EvidenceScore™
- 74
- Moderate
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceDevices & Technology
Detailed evidenceInsulin Delivery Systems → Sleep efficiency
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- ImpactScore™
- 38
- Slightly Negative
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
Insulin Delivery Systems Evidence Hub
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
3 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
Sleep efficiency Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Sleep efficiency
2 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Sleep efficiency as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in the evidence archive
Jump to pre-filtered views in the evidence archive.
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and HbA1c
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: HbA1c
3 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Sleep efficiency
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Sleep efficiency
2 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop system
3 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
3 results
All studies measuring Sleep efficiency
Outcome: Sleep efficiency
2 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve HbA1c?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 74.4 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 6 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Hybrid closed-loop system improve sleep efficiency?
Moderate Evidence
Hybrid closed-loop system may worsen Sleep efficiency or be associated with harm.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Sleep efficiency
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | weak negative | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Hybrid closed-loop system improve wake time after sleep onset in minutes?
Moderate Evidence
Hybrid closed-loop system may worsen Wake time after sleep onset in minutes or be associated with harm.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Wake time after sleep onset in minutes
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | weak negative | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Hybrid closed-loop system improve improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires?
Emerging Evidence
Hybrid closed-loop system appears to improve Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and HbA1cAll studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Sleep efficiencyAll studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Wake time after sleep onset in minutesAll studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Improvement in sleep-related impairment measured by questionnaires
Related research
Read related research summaries.
Closed-loop therapy may improve sleep quality in young people with T1DClosed-loop therapy enhances glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.Hybrid closed-loop artificial pancreas system improves blood sugar control better than insulin injections in hospitalized type 1 diabetesHybrid closed-loop insulin system safely controls blood sugar in a 29-day-old infant with neonatal diabetesOmnipod 5 AID System Improves Caregiver Well-Being
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