Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
FM added to UC did not significantly improve the primary outcome of insulin discontinuation without increasing HbA1c or HbA1c < 7% at 12 months.
This study compared a functional medicine approach to usual care in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, finding no significant differences in key outcomes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study compared a functional medicine approach to usual care in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes, finding no significant differences in key outcomes.
Understanding the effectiveness of different treatment approaches for insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes is crucial for optimizing patient care. This study suggests that a functional medicine approach may not provide additional benefits over standard care, which can inform treatment decisions for healthcare providers and patients alike.
The study may have limited generalizability due to specific participant characteristics. Sample size and duration may not have been sufficient to detect subtle differences. Secondary exploratory endpoints may lack the power to draw definitive conclusions.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Mohamed E, Betul H, Michelle B, et al. First randomized trial comparing a functional medicine (FM) approach to just usual care (UC) in insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes (T2D). Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology. 2026;44:100437. doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2026.100437
FM added to UC did not significantly improve insulin discontinuation rates.
Change in HbA1c levels did not differ significantly between FM and UC.
Insulin dosage by weight showed no significant differences between the two groups.
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Functional Medicine (FM) and Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c, Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutes, HbA1c, and 3 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Functional Medicine (FM)
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
1
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
310
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Functional Medicine (FM) → Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c
Functional Medicine (FM) → Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c
Functional Medicine (FM) → Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutes
Functional Medicine (FM) → Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutes
Functional Medicine (FM) → Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day)
Functional Medicine (FM) → Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day)
Functional Medicine (FM) → Total number of medications used
Functional Medicine (FM) → Total number of medications used
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Functional Medicine (FM) and Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c, Functional Medicine (FM) and Hypoglycemia.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c
Measures Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c as a key outcome.
All studies on Functional Medicine (FM)
Contributes to Functional Medicine (FM) evidence base.
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia
Measures Hypoglycemia as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day)
Measures Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day) as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Functional Medicine (FM) for Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Discontinuation of insulin without increase in HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Functional Medicine (FM) for Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutes.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Frequency of hypoglycemic episodes at 180 minutes
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Functional Medicine (FM) for HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Functional Medicine (FM) for Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Insulin dosage per weight (unit/kg/day)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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