Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
Fructosamine decreased from 335 ± 60 µmol/L to 290 ± 49 µmol/L (p < .01).
Exogenous ketone monoester added to treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
Non-randomized CT
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
High Risk
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Exogenous ketone monoester added to treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
This study evaluated Exogenous ketone monoester added to treatment in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Adrian S, Nicholas GN, Rhys E, Kieran C, Thomas MB. Constant ketone monoester consumption over 1 month was safe, well tolerated, and improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism. 2021;4(3):e00264. doi:10.1002/edm2.264
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) and Acid-base status, Fructosamine, HbA1c, and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE)
Primary outcomes
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
3
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
1245
Related studies
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Save studies and evidence pages, organize your personal Evidence Tracker, and keep the research you care about in one place.
Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Save evidence
Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Acid-base status
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Acid-base status
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Fructosamine
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Fructosamine
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Mean Daily Differences in Blood Glucose Levels
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Mean Daily Differences in Blood Glucose Levels
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Renal function tests
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Renal function tests
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Serum electrolytes
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Serum electrolytes
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Time in range
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) → Time in range
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Evidence Library
Save research, organize studies, and quickly find important evidence again.
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) and Acid-base status, Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) and Fructosamine.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Acid-base status
Measures Acid-base status as a key outcome.
All studies on Exogenous ketone monoester (KE)
Contributes to Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) evidence base.
All studies measuring Fructosamine
Measures Fructosamine as a key outcome.
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) appears to improve fructosamine.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Fructosamine
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.7 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) appears to lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.7 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) appears to improve mean daily differences in blood glucose levels.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Mean Daily Differences in Blood Glucose Levels
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.7 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Exogenous ketone monoester (KE) appears to improve time in range.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 50.7 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Next steps
Choose a next path through related evidence topics, Evidence Explorer views, and research summaries.
Follow the topics this study contributes to.
Open broader Evidence Explorer views for this relationship.
Read related research summaries.
Focused on evidence, not advertising.
Your data is always protected.
New studies added every day.
