Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

MDI therapy

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: sample_size.

Patients treated with the Android‐HCL therapy for type 1 diabetes.

HCL therapy

The intraday glucose fluctuation (especially after lunch, before sleep, and during sleep) of the Android‐HCL system was significantly superior to that of the sequential multi‐injection insulin therapy.

Patients treated with multiple injections of insulin.

Compared with MDI, HCL had a higher overall TIR ( p < 0.05), lower TAR, TBR, and average blood glucose.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

Automated Insulin Delivery (AID)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants used the DiaCon system in AIGD mode during the study.

Automated Insulin-Glucagon Delivery (AIGD)

In a 33‐h, randomised, crossover, inpatient study, 13 participants with type 1 diabetes used the DiaCon system in AIGD and AID modes.

Participants used the DiaCon system in AID mode during the study.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing timepoint.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk

Open-loop insulin delivery

Participants used closed-loop insulin delivery from 1 week to 11 weeks and 6 days postpartum.

Closed-loop insulin delivery

from 1 week to 11 weeks and 6 days postpartum, participants were randomised 1:1 to use either closed-loop (MiniMed 670G/770G in ‘Auto Mode’) or open-loop (MiniMed 670G/770G in ‘Manual Mode’) insulin delivery.

Participants used open-loop insulin delivery from 1 week to 11 weeks and 6 days postpartum.

Hybrid closed-loop system × Blood glucose

Available supporting studies

Artificial pancreas may improve glucose control in type 1 diabetes

Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk

Closed-loop insulin delivery blunts glucose decrease during nighttime breastfeeding