Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Closed-loop insulin delivery blunts glucose decrease during nighttime breastfeeding
Last updated August 22, 2026
Key finding
There was an overall decrease in glucose at nighttime within 3 h of breastfeeding (1.1 mmol/l decrease on average; p = 0.009).
This study investigated the effects of closed-loop insulin delivery on maternal glucose levels during breastfeeding, finding significant reductions in nighttime glucose levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Short-Term (≤3 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of closed-loop insulin delivery on maternal glucose levels during breastfeeding, finding significant reductions in nighttime glucose levels.
Clinical relevance
These findings are clinically significant as they suggest that closed-loop insulin delivery may provide better glucose control for breastfeeding mothers with diabetes. Improved glucose levels can enhance maternal and infant health outcomes, making this technology an important consideration for managing diabetes during breastfeeding.
Keep in mind
Limited sample size may affect generalizability. Study focused only on nighttime glucose levels. Effectiveness of interventions not fully established.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lois ED, Rhonda CB, Denice SF, et al. Breastfeeding and Maternal Glucose Levels: Impact of Closed-Loop Insulin Delivery. Diabetologia. 2024;67(10):2154-2159. doi:10.1007/s00125-024-06227-z
Main Effects
Overall decrease in nighttime glucose by 1.1 mmol/l within 3 hours of breastfeeding (p = 0.009).
Decrease in nighttime glucose with closed-loop therapy by 0.4 ± 0.3 mmol/l (p < 0.01).
Decrease in nighttime glucose with open-loop therapy by 1.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system, Open-loop insulin delivery and Blood glucose, Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding, Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
- Blood glucose
- Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
- Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
6
Evidence pairs
6
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 59
1
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
316
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 6 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and Fasting Glucose
Related evidence
Evidence topic
Glycemic Control
Save evidence
Intervention
Insulin Delivery Systems
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Hybrid closed-loop system → Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Hybrid closed-loop system → Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 25
- Negative
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerIncidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Hybrid closed-loop system → Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Hybrid closed-loop system → Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerDecrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Open-loop insulin delivery → Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Open-loop insulin delivery → Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeeding
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 25
- Negative
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerIncidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Open-loop insulin delivery → Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Open-loop insulin delivery → Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Evidence Suggest
- 93% of breastfeeding episodes maintained glucose levels ≥3.9 mmol/l.
- Closed-loop therapy showed a significant reduction in glucose compared to open-loop.
- Breastfeeding resulted in an average glucose decrease of 1.1 mmol/l.
Who this applies to
- Breastfeeding mothers with diabetes.
- Participants using insulin delivery systems.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to non-breastfeeding mothers.
- Further research needed to confirm long-term effects.
- Findings are specific to the studied population and may not generalize.
Between the Lines
- Limited sample size may affect generalizability.
- Study focused only on nighttime glucose levels.
- Effectiveness of interventions not fully established.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and Fasting Glucose, Insulin Delivery Systems and Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → Fasting Glucose
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Strong
- Score 79 · Based on 3 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 83
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceDevices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Fasting Glucose Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
Insulin Delivery Systems Evidence Hub
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
3 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Blood glucose
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Blood glucose
3 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
1 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop system
3 results
All studies measuring Blood glucose
Outcome: Blood glucose
3 results
All studies measuring Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
Outcome: Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve fasting glucose?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 79.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 5 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Hybrid closed-loop system improve incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Hybrid closed-loop system for Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Open-loop insulin delivery improve blood glucose?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Open-loop insulin delivery for Blood glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Open-loop insulin delivery improve incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding?
Emerging Evidence
Current evidence does not show a clear benefit of Open-loop insulin delivery for Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Incidence of glucose levels below 3.9 mmol/l after breastfeeding
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
Continue your research
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All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeedingAll studies on Open-loop insulin delivery and Blood glucoseAll studies on Open-loop insulin delivery and Decrease in nighttime glucose levels within 3 hours of breastfeedingAll studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Blood glucose
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