Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 68
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Automated insulin-glucagon delivery reduces hypoglycemia risk
Last updated July 12, 2026
Key finding
The number of carbohydrate rescues was lower with AIGD versus AID (15 vs. 20, p = 0.02).
Automated insulin-glucagon delivery system compared to automated insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Long-Term (1–5 y)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
Automated insulin-glucagon delivery system compared to automated insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Clinical relevance
This study evaluated Automated insulin-glucagon delivery system compared to automated insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes.
Keep in mind
Limitations were not clearly described in the extracted text.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Ajenthen GR, Christian L, Dimitri B, et al. Efficacy and safety of an automated insulin-glucagon delivery system compared with an automated insulin delivery system. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2026;28(5):3955-3964. doi:10.1111/dom.70577
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Hybrid closed-loop system and Blood glucose, Coefficient of variation, Hypoglycemia events, and 4 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system
Primary outcomes
- Blood glucose
- Coefficient of variation
- Hypoglycemia events
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
7
Evidence pairs
7
Relationships
3
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
3
Related topics
7
Evidence pairs
373
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 7 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 3 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range
Related evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and Hypoglycemia
Save evidence
Evidence relationship
Insulin Delivery Systems and Glucose Variability
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Coefficient of variation
Hybrid closed-loop system → Coefficient of variation
Hybrid closed-loop system → Coefficient of variation
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerHypoglycemia events
Hybrid closed-loop system → Hypoglycemia events
Hybrid closed-loop system → Hypoglycemia events
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 75
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 65
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerMean glucose levels measured during the intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system → Mean glucose levels measured during the intervention
Hybrid closed-loop system → Mean glucose levels measured during the intervention
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerPercentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerPercentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Hybrid closed-loop system → Percentage of time spent with sensor glucose levels <3.9 mmol/L
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 81
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 87
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 83
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Insulin Delivery Systems and CGM Time in Range, Insulin Delivery Systems and Hypoglycemia.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Devices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → CGM Time in Range
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 81
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 87
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 83
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 8 studies
View evidenceDevices & Technology
Insulin Delivery Systems → Hypoglycemia
Devices & Technology
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 75
- Moderate
- ImpactScore™
- 65
- Slightly Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 67
- generally_consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 3 studies
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
CGM Time in Range Evidence Hub
All studies measuring CGM Time in Range
8 studies
outcome_hubMeasures CGM Time in Range as a key outcome.
Insulin Delivery Systems Evidence Hub
All studies on Insulin Delivery Systems
8 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Insulin Delivery Systems evidence base.
Hypoglycemia Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia
3 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Hypoglycemia as a key outcome.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Time in range
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Time in range
8 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system and Hypoglycemia events
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop systemOutcome: Hypoglycemia events
3 results
All studies on Hybrid closed-loop system
Intervention: Hybrid closed-loop system
8 results
All studies measuring Time in range
Outcome: Time in range
8 results
All studies measuring Hypoglycemia events
Outcome: Hypoglycemia events
3 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve cgm time in range?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve CGM Time in Range.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Time in range
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 81.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
- 2
Percentage of time spent above 10.0 mmol/L
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 17 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems affect hypoglycemia?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve Hypoglycemia.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Hypoglycemia events
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 74.6 | weak positive | ConsistencyScore™ Generally Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve glucose variability?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems may improve Glucose Variability.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are generally consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Coefficient of variation
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | neutral | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 7 supporting studies with generally consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Insulin Delivery Systems improve fasting glucose?
Strong Evidence
Insulin Delivery Systems appears to improve Fasting Glucose.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Blood glucose
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 67.6 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on 5 supporting studies with consistent results and a positive effect signal.
Limitations
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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