Structured population data were available for 6 of 6 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

4 of 6 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

2 studies contain conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Standard lifestyle advice

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants performed supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise three times per week.

Exercise Group

The exercise group performed supervised moderate-intensity aerobic exercise programme three times per week (treadmill and cycling, 50%–70% of maximum heart rate).

Participants received standard lifestyle advice.

Both groups received standard lifestyle advice.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Aerobic exercise improves vascular health in prediabetes

Participants exercised 3 times a week on different cardiovascular equipment, gradually increasing duration and intensity.

Aerobic Group

The aerobic group exercised 3 times a week on different cardiovascular equipment (treadmill, cyclette and elliptical). During the initial phase (weeks 1–2), participants exercised for 30–40 min at 40–60% of the reserve heart rate. Thereafter, training duration gradually increased up to 60 min per session and, subsequently, intensity gradually reached 60–65% of the reserve heart rate.

Participants performed 9 different exercises in 3 weekly sessions using weight machines and free weights.

Resistance Group

The resistance group performed 9 different exercises in 3 weekly sessions, by using weight machines and free weights. During the learning phase (weeks 1–2) subjects performed 3 series of 10–12 repetitions at 30–50% 1RM.

Aerobic exercise lowers blood glucose more than resistance exercise in T2 diabetes.

Available source content was suppressed because validation identified a conflict.

health education and follow-up

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

BFR-RT group

BFR-RT group trained at low-intensity for 40 minutes each time.

Participants received supervised collective training for a period of six months, three times per week, at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

AE group

AE group trained at moderate-intensity for 60 minutes each time.

Participants received health education and follow-up.

Control group received health education and follow-up.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Not reported in the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, comparator, risk_of_bias.

Participants with low insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Low-IR Group

Fifty-five T2DM patients stratified by fasting C-peptide tertiles into low- (Group 1), moderate- (Group 2), and high-IR groups (Group 3) completed a 4-week moderate-intensity combined aerobic-resistance exercise program.

Participants with moderate insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

Moderate-IR Group

Participants with high insulin resistance completing a 4-week exercise program.

High-IR Group

Authoritative quality diagnostic: authoritative design unavailable.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Participants received regular diabetes treatment, including diet amendments and medication.

Regular diabetes treatment

The control group received regular diabetes treatment, including diet amendments, regular and balanced exercise, and abstinence from smoking and alcohol.

Participants performed Tai Chi as part of their exercise regimen.

Aerobic Exercise Group (AEX)

The aerobic exercise group performs Tai Chi.

Participants performed elastic band exercises.

Resistance Exercise Group (REX)

The resistance group performs elastic band exercises.

Participants performed both Tai Chi and resistance exercises.

Combined Exercise Group (COMB)

The COMB group performs both Tai Chi and resistance exercise.

Exercise Improves Sleep Quality in Type 2 Diabetes

Standard physical activity recommendations

Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 150 min/week at moderate intensity.

Aerobic Training intervention (AT)

1) Aerobic Training intervention (AT): Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 150 min/week at moderate intensity.

Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, starting with 50% of 1-repetition maximum.

Aerobic Training plus Resistance Training intervention (AT+RT)

2) Aerobic Training plus Resistance Training intervention (AT+RT): Perform 50 min/day, 3 days/week, starting with 50% of 1-repetition maximum.

Perform 25 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 75 min/week at a vigorous intensity.

High Intensity Interval Training intervention (HIIT)

3) High Intensity Interval Training intervention (HIIT): Perform 25 min/day, 3 days/week, totalling 75 min/week at a vigorous intensity.

Receive written standard PA recommendations.

4) Participants in the control group will receive written standard PA recommendations in this phase.

Aerobic exercise × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Aerobic exercise improves vascular health in prediabetes

Aerobic exercise lowers blood glucose more than resistance exercise in T2 diabetes.

BFR-RT improves metabolic health in middle-aged T2DM patients

Exercise improves metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes with low insulin resistance

Exercise Improves Sleep Quality in Type 2 Diabetes

Physical exercise improves glycaemic control in adults with prediabetes.