Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Standard care

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants received a structured dietary intervention with a 6-week weight loss phase followed by a 6-week maintenance phase.

Calorie-restricted dietary intervention

The intervention comprised two phases: a 6-week weight loss phase, targeting a 3% reduction every two weeks, starting with an 800 kcal/day diet and increasing by 200 kcal per phase, with all meals provided via home delivery, followed by a 6-week self-managed weight maintenance period.

Participants managed their usual diets without the structured intervention.

Participants independently managed their usual diets.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size known arm total mismatch.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Calorie restriction improves weight loss and glycemic response in diabetes

Group 2 (CR alone)

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants followed a 12-hour night intermittent fasting regimen combined with calorie restriction for 12 weeks.

Group 1 (12-hour IF + CR)

Group 1 (N=48) followed a 12-hour night intermittent fasting regimen combined with calorie restriction, while Group 2 (N=51) followed a calorie-restricted diet only (CR) for 12 weeks.

Participants followed a calorie-restricted diet only for 12 weeks.

Group 2 (N=51) followed a calorie-restricted diet only (CR) for 12 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: p value significance conflict.

Intermittent fasting improves weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: comparator.

Participants followed a diet of continuous energy restriction aimed at reducing energy intake by approximately 20%.

Continuous Energy Restriction (CER)

Participants were randomised by minimisation (site, age, gender) 1:1:1 to CER or one of two modified IF strategies.

Participants followed a diet of 2100 kJ/d for two days of the week while on days off or day shift.

Intermittent Fasting: 2 Days (IF:2D)

For the IF:2D group, the two fasting occasions were allocated on days that included a day shift or a rostered day off.

Participants followed a diet of 2100 kJ/d for two days of the week while on night shift.

Intermittent Fasting: 2 Nights (IF:2N)

For the IF:2N group, the two fasting occasions were allocated on days that included a night shift.

Intermittent fasting may improve weight loss in night shift workers

Control

Participants ate ad libitum between 12:00 and 8:00 pm daily and fasted from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm the following day.

Time-Restricted Eating (TRE)

Participants in the TRE group ate ad libitum between 12:00 and 8:00 pm daily and fasted from 8:00 pm to 12:00 pm the following day.

Participants were instructed to reduce their energy intake by 25% of their baseline energy needs every day.

Calorie Restriction (CR)

Participants in the CR group were instructed to reduce their energy intake by 25% of their baseline energy needs every day.

Control participants were instructed to maintain their weight and usual eating and exercise habits.

Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

No intervention

Participants instructed to consume food ad libitum between 12:00 PM and 8:00 PM.

Participants in the TRE group were instructed to consume food ad libitum between 12:00 PM and 8:00 PM, and abstain from eating from 8:00 PM to 12:00 PM the following day.

Participants instructed to reduce their caloric intake by 25% each day.

Participants in the CR group were instructed to reduce their caloric intake by 25% each day.

Participants instructed to maintain their usual eating and exercise patterns.

The control group was instructed to maintain their usual eating and exercise patterns throughout the 6 months of the study.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Time-Restricted Eating Shows No Effect on Mood or Quality of Life in Diabetes

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Calorie restriction × Body weight

Available supporting studies

Calorie restriction improves weight loss and glycemic response in diabetes

Intermittent fasting improves weight loss and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes.

Intermittent fasting may improve weight loss in night shift workers

Time-Restricted Eating Improves Weight Loss in Type 2 Diabetes

Time-Restricted Eating Shows No Effect on Mood or Quality of Life in Diabetes