Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 relevant studies have unresolved authoritative design evidence and do not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, usual_care.

2 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

2 of 3 studies with duration data have follow-up of 12 weeks or less.

Not applicable to this study design or comparison.

Source evidence could not be resolved sufficiently for this field.

Not extracted from the authoritative source.

Clinician-reference record is usable with limitations in: design, risk_of_bias.

Participants followed a three-phase diet plan over 48 weeks, including a homemade meal replacement of 800 calories for the first 12 weeks.

Homemade Very Low Calorie Diet

Individuals with a BMI > 35 kg/m2 and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes for less than 4 years followed a three-phase diet plan over 48 weeks, including a homemade meal replacement of 800 calorie for the first 12 weeks.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: sample size arm total mismatch.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: source evidence unresolved.

Homemade VLCD improves weight loss in type 2 diabetes

Standard care

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received a structured low-calorie diet intervention for 6 weeks.

Low-calorie diet (LCD)

Twenty obese T2D patients were randomized into an intervention group (n=15) (6-week 1000–1200 kcal/day of glycemic and metabolic control LCD)

Participants received standard care without the low-calorie diet intervention.

Twenty obese T2D patients were randomized into a matched control group (n=5)

Low-Calorie Diet Improves Metabolic Control in Obese T2 Diabetes Patients

Participants received a 9-day very low-calorie diet with specific calorie restrictions and individualized meal plans.

Very Low-Calorie Diet Intervention

A total of 223 newly diagnosed T2DM patients who received 9-day VLCD intervention (300–600 kcal/day) at the Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2021 to December 2023 were enrolled.

Phase angle predicts VLCD success in type 2 diabetes

Structured population data were available for 2 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

2 supporting studies do not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

1 supporting study lacks usable structured population information.

Structured population data were available for 11 of 11 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 9 studies with type 2 diabetes, 1 studies with type 1 diabetes. 11 studies described adult participants.

1 relevant study has unresolved authoritative design evidence and does not contribute to design-specific or RoB-specific claims.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo, usual_care.

9 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study has high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

1 study contains conflicting p-value and significance fields; those significance claims are suppressed.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 5 studies described adult participants.

3 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 2 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 2 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

1 supporting study does not have a displayable topic-matched quantitative effect.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group.

Structured population data were available for 5 of 5 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, placebo.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 7 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: baseline_within_group, other, unknown_unresolved, usual_care.

4 supporting studies have high, serious, critical, unclear, or unavailable risk-of-bias information.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 4 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, baseline_within_group, placebo.

Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. 1 study described participants with type 2 diabetes. 3 studies described adult participants.

Upstream consistency scoring indicates mixed findings across the evidence.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: placebo, usual_care.

Evidence uses heterogeneous comparison contexts: active_comparator, unknown_unresolved.

Structured population data were available for 4 of 4 supporting studies. 3 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 4 studies described adult participants.

Structured population data were available for 9 of 9 supporting studies. 9 studies described participants with type 2 diabetes. 9 studies described adult participants.

Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet × Body weight

Available supporting studies

Homemade VLCD improves weight loss in type 2 diabetes

Low-Calorie Diet Improves Metabolic Control in Obese T2 Diabetes Patients

Phase angle predicts VLCD success in type 2 diabetes