Structured population data were available for 3 of 3 supporting studies. Diabetes type was heterogeneous: 1 studies with type 1 diabetes, 1 studies with type 2 diabetes. 2 studies described adult participants.

Placebo Group

Core clinician-reference fields are available or not applicable.

Participants received probiotic supplementation for glycemic control.

Probiotic Group

Patients with T1DM who received probiotic supplementation had significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure, FBG, RBG, HbA1c, triglycerides, and total cholesterol compared with baseline levels or the placebo group.

Participants received a matching placebo for glycemic control.

No significant difference was found between baseline clinical and laboratory data among T1DM patients with and without probiotic supplementation.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: age group conflict.

Probiotics improve glycemic control in children with T1DM

Group B

Subjects received UB0316 capsules containing various probiotics.

Group A

Subjects assigned to group A received UB0316 capsules, which contained Lactobacillus salivarius UBLS-22 (five billion colony-forming units (CFU)), Lactobacillus casei UBLC-42 (five billion CFU), Lactobacillus plantarum UBLP-40 (five billion CFU), Lactobacillus acidophilus UBLA-34 (five billion CFU), Bifidobacterium breve UBBr-01 (five billion CFU), Bacillus coagulans Unique IS-2 (five billion CFU), and fructooligosaccharide 100 mg.

Subjects received a matching placebo similar in appearance to probiotic capsules.

Subjects assigned to group B received a matching placebo, i.e., similar in appearance to probiotic capsules and dispensed in similar containers as probiotics to maintain blinding.

Probiotics improve insulin resistance in diabetic hemodialysis patients

Participants receiving multispecies probiotic supplements.

Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: those receiving multispecies probiotic supplements ( n = 65, made up of 22 males and 43 females)

Participants receiving a placebo without probiotics.

or those receiving a placebo (without probiotics) ( n = 65, made up of 29 males and 36 females)

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing unit.

Authoritative quality diagnostic: invalid or missing value.

Multispecies probiotic supplementation × HbA1c

Available supporting studies

Probiotics improve glycemic control in children with T1DM

Probiotics improve insulin resistance in diabetic hemodialysis patients

Probiotics may improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes