Research Summary

Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™

Co-supplementation improves mental health in women with pre-diabetes

Key finding

Depression scores decreased significantly in the co-supplement group (p < .001).

This study investigated the effects of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on mental health and sleep quality in women with pre-diabetes and low vitamin D levels, finding significant improvements in depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and vitamin D levels.

Evidence strength

Moderate confidence

Study type

RCTs

Follow-up

Medium-Term (3–12 mo)

Some Concerns bias

Last updated July 6, 2026

Quick read

Study at a glance

The essential study design details in one scan.

Population

Young Adult (19–39), Middle Aged (40-64), Female, Asia-Pacific (APAC), with T2 Diabetes

Intervention

Omega-3 and Vitamin D co-supplementation

Study type

RCTs

Follow-up

Medium-Term (3–12 mo)

Primary outcome

Depression

Evidence

Moderate confidence

Plain-language summary

What this paper says

A plain-language read of the study's main message and where it applies.

Study focus

Clinical relevance

These findings highlight the potential for omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation as a simple, non-invasive intervention to improve mental health and sleep quality in a vulnerable population. Given the rising prevalence of pre-diabetes and associated mental health issues, this approach could be a valuable addition to treatment strategies.

Keep in mind

Non-randomized design limits causal inference Sample size and demographic may affect generalizability Potential for unmeasured confounders influencing results

Published in

Journal Reference

Publication details and source links for this paper.

Masoumeh R, Mahrokh D, Mostafa Q, Amir AV. Vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation improved depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in women of reproductive age with pre-diabetes and hypovitaminosis D. Brain and Behavior. 2021;11(11):e2342. doi:10.1002/brb3.2342

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Main Effects

Depression scores decreased by 5.71 (p < 0.001)

Anxiety scores decreased by 4.05 (p < 0.001)

Stress scores decreased by 6.23 (p < 0.001)

Sleep quality improved by 1.7 (p < 0.001)

Vitamin D levels increased by 10.28 ng/ml (p < 0.001)

Evidence network

How this study fits

Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.

Evidence Context

This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Anxiety score, Depression score, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 2 more.

This study contributes evidence to

Intervention

Vitamin D supplementation

Outcome

Anxiety score

Evidence topic

Supplements and Nutraceuticals

Primary intervention

Vitamin D supplementation

Primary outcomes

Anxiety score
Depression score
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Evidence topics

Supplements and Nutraceuticals

Primary intervention

Vitamin D supplementation

Primary outcomes

Anxiety score Depression score Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D

Evidence relationships

Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.

Evidence pairs

Relationships

Evidence topics

contributes_evidence

Editorial context

Why this study matters

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Evidence network role

This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.

Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 60

Why it is useful

Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
Includes primary outcome data
Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic

Topic contributions

Evidence topic

Vitamin D supplementation → Stress

Evidence profile

StrongDecreasePatient-Reported

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Evidence Suggest

Depression scores decreased significantly by 5.71 points.
Anxiety scores decreased significantly by 4.05 points.
Vitamin D levels increased significantly by 10.28 ng/ml.

Who this applies to

Women of reproductive age
Individuals with pre-diabetes
Individuals with hypovitaminosis D

Keep in Mind

Results may not apply to men or older populations.
Further research is needed to confirm findings in larger, randomized trials.
The study did not assess long-term effects of supplementation.

Between the Lines

Non-randomized design limits causal inference
Sample size and demographic may affect generalizability
Potential for unmeasured confounders influencing results

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Connected Evidence

Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.

Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.

This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers, Vitamin D supplementation and Mental Health.

Related evidence relationships

Explore in Evidence Archive

This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.

Vitamin D supplementationAdipokine and Angiogenic Markers

Supplements

5 studies

Detailed evidence

Vitamin D supplementationMental Health

Supplements

1 studies

Detailed evidence

Vitamin D supplementationQuality of Life Outcomes

Supplements

1 studies

Detailed evidence

Included in these evidence collections

Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.

Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers

5 studies

outcome_hub

Measures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.

Vitamin D supplementation Evidence Hub

All studies on Vitamin D supplementation

5 studies

intervention_hub

Contributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.

Mental Health Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Mental Health

1 studies

outcome_hub

Measures Mental Health as a key outcome.

Quality of Life Outcomes Evidence Hub

All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes

1 studies

outcome_hub

Measures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.

Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.

Does Vitamin D supplementation improve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d?

Moderate Evidence

Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

ConsensusScore™: Results are consistent across studies.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 60.6 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Consistent | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.
Population details are unavailable.

View Full Evidence

Does Vitamin D supplementation improve anxiety score?

Emerging Evidence

Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Anxiety score.

ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Anxiety score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.
Consistency cannot yet be determined.
Population details are unavailable.

View Full Evidence

Does Vitamin D supplementation improve sleep quality?

Emerging Evidence

Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Sleep quality.

ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Sleep quality
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.
Consistency cannot yet be determined.
Population details are unavailable.

View Full Evidence

Does Vitamin D supplementation improve stress?

Emerging Evidence

Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Stress.

ConsensusScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.

Ranked evidence signals

1
Stress
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 51.7 | strong positive | ConsensusScore™ Unclear | 1 study

Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.

Limitations

Only one supporting study is available.
Consistency cannot yet be determined.
Population details are unavailable.

View Full Evidence

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Next steps

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Evidence topics

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Supplements and Nutraceuticals Evidence Hub

Explore in archive

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All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Anxiety score All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Sleep quality All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Stress

Related research

Read related research summaries.

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