Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Co-supplementation improves mental health in women with pre-diabetes
Last updated July 6, 2026
Key finding
Depression scores decreased significantly in the co-supplement group (p < .001).
This study investigated the effects of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on mental health and sleep quality in women with pre-diabetes and low vitamin D levels, finding significant improvements in depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and vitamin D levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on mental health and sleep quality in women with pre-diabetes and low vitamin D levels, finding significant improvements in depression, anxiety, stress, sleep quality, and vitamin D levels.
Clinical relevance
These findings highlight the potential for omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation as a simple, non-invasive intervention to improve mental health and sleep quality in a vulnerable population. Given the rising prevalence of pre-diabetes and associated mental health issues, this approach could be a valuable addition to treatment strategies.
Keep in mind
Non-randomized design limits causal inference Sample size and demographic may affect generalizability Potential for unmeasured confounders influencing results
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Masoumeh R, Mahrokh D, Mostafa Q, Amir AV. Vitamin D and omega-3 co-supplementation improved depression, anxiety, and sleep quality in women of reproductive age with pre-diabetes and hypovitaminosis D. Brain and Behavior. 2021;11(11):e2342. doi:10.1002/brb3.2342
Main Effects
Depression scores decreased by 5.71 (p < 0.001)
Anxiety scores decreased by 4.05 (p < 0.001)
Stress scores decreased by 6.23 (p < 0.001)
Sleep quality improved by 1.7 (p < 0.001)
Vitamin D levels increased by 10.28 ng/ml (p < 0.001)
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to Vitamin D supplementation and Anxiety score, Depression score, Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Vitamin D supplementation
Primary outcomes
- Anxiety score
- Depression score
- Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
5
Evidence pairs
5
Relationships
1
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 60
1
Related topics
5
Evidence pairs
502
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 5 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 1 direct semantic evidence topic
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Supplements and Nutraceuticals
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Depression score
Vitamin D supplementation → Depression score
Vitamin D supplementation → Depression score
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Vitamin D supplementation → Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Vitamin D supplementation → Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 80
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 93
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 6 studies
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
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Evidence Suggest
- Depression scores decreased significantly by 5.71 points.
- Anxiety scores decreased significantly by 4.05 points.
- Vitamin D levels increased significantly by 10.28 ng/ml.
Who this applies to
- Women of reproductive age
- Individuals with pre-diabetes
- Individuals with hypovitaminosis D
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to men or older populations.
- Further research is needed to confirm findings in larger, randomized trials.
- The study did not assess long-term effects of supplementation.
Between the Lines
- Non-randomized design limits causal inference
- Sample size and demographic may affect generalizability
- Potential for unmeasured confounders influencing results
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Vitamin D supplementation and Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers, Vitamin D supplementation and Mental Health.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Supplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- 80
- Strong
- ImpactScore™
- 93
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 100
- consistent
Supporting studies: Based on 6 studies
View evidenceSupplements
Vitamin D supplementation → Mental Health
Supplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Moderate
- Score 69 · Based on 2 studies
- ImpactScore™
- 75
- Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- 35
- mixed
Supporting studies: Based on 2 studies
View evidenceSupplements
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
6 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.
Vitamin D supplementation Evidence Hub
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
6 studies
intervention_hubContributes to Vitamin D supplementation evidence base.
Mental Health Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Mental Health
2 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Mental Health as a key outcome.
Quality of Life Outcomes Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
6 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation and Depression score
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementationOutcome: Depression score
2 results
All studies on Vitamin D supplementation
Intervention: Vitamin D supplementation
6 results
All studies measuring Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
Outcome: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
6 results
All studies measuring Depression score
Outcome: Depression score
2 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d?
Strong Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are consistent across studies.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
EvidenceScore™ Strong | EvidenceScore™ 80.4 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Consistent | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve depression score?
Moderate Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation may improve Depression score.
ConsistencyScore™: Results are mixed and should be interpreted cautiously.
Evidence caveat: The available evidence reports mixed findings.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Depression score
EvidenceScore™ Moderate | EvidenceScore™ 69.0 | moderate positive | ConsistencyScore™ Mixed | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is cautious because the available studies report mixed findings.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve anxiety score?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Anxiety score.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Anxiety score
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does Vitamin D supplementation improve sleep quality?
Emerging Evidence
Vitamin D supplementation appears to improve Sleep quality.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Sleep quality
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
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