Last updated September 4, 2026
Key finding
SDNN increased significantly in the CET group compared to controls (p < 0.01).
This study investigated the effects of concurrent exercise training on cardiac autonomic modulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes and cardiac autonomic neuropathy, finding significant improvements in various health metrics.
Quick read
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study investigated the effects of concurrent exercise training on cardiac autonomic modulation in individuals with type 2 diabetes and cardiac autonomic neuropathy, finding significant improvements in various health metrics.
These findings highlight the potential of concurrent exercise training as an effective intervention for improving cardiac health and metabolic control in individuals with type 2 diabetes and cardiac autonomic neuropathy, which could lead to better management of diabetes and reduced risk of cardiovascular complications.
Sample size may limit generalizability Short duration of the intervention Potential for selection bias in participant recruitment
Published in
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Saima Z, Md FA, Saurabh S, et al. The Impact of Concurrent Exercise Training on Cardiac Autonomic Modulation in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2024;13(13):3910. doi:10.3390/jcm13133910
Heart Rate Variability (SDNN) increased by 13.92 ms (p < 0.01)
Fasting Plasma Glucose decreased by 23.32 mg/dL (p < 0.01)
Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19) scores improved significantly (p < 0.01)
Evidence network
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
This study contributes evidence to Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) and Body fat percentage reduction, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), Glucose iAUC (OGTT), and 7 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET)
Primary outcomes
Primary intervention
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
Editorial context
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Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
7
Related topics
10
Evidence pairs
2285
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
matched_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
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Core evidence
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Body fat percentage reduction
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Body fat percentage reduction
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Heart Rate Recovery (HRR30s)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Heart Rate Recovery (HRR30s)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Hip circumference
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Hip circumference
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Quality of life
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Quality of life
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Standard Deviation of Normal-to-Normal Intervals (SDNN)
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Waist circumference
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) → Waist circumference
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Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) and Body Composition, Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) and Fasting Glucose.
This study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Behavioral & Lifestyle
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
All studies measuring Body Composition
Measures Body Composition as a key outcome.
All studies on Concurrent Exercise Training (CET)
Contributes to Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) evidence base.
All studies measuring Fasting Glucose
Measures Fasting Glucose as a key outcome.
All studies measuring Quality of Life Outcomes
Measures Quality of Life Outcomes as a key outcome.
Latest published studies
Published within the last 2 years.
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1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
1 results
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) appears to reduce body fat percentage reduction.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Body fat percentage reduction
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) appears to improve fasting plasma glucose (FPG).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) appears to improve glucose iauc (OGTT).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
Glucose iAUC (OGTT)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
Concurrent Exercise Training (CET) appears to lower HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
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