Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerResearch Summary
Analyzed using Evidence Intelligence™
Diabetes-specific formula improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes
Last updated July 18, 2026
Key finding
The treatment group had a greater HbA1c reduction compared to controls (−0.83% vs. −0.19%; MD: −0.63%; 95% CI: −1.00, −0.27; p < 0.001).
This study evaluated the efficacy of a diabetes-specific formula-based partial meal replacement in adults with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels.
Quick read
Study at a glance
The essential study design details in one scan.
EvidenceScore™
Moderate
Study type
RCTs
Follow-up
Medium-Term (3–12 mo)
Risk of bias
Some Concerns
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Plain-language summary
What this paper says
A plain-language read of the study’s main message and where it applies.
Study focus
This study evaluated the efficacy of a diabetes-specific formula-based partial meal replacement in adults with Type 2 diabetes, finding significant improvements in HbA1c levels.
Clinical relevance
Improving blood sugar control is crucial for individuals with Type 2 diabetes to reduce the risk of complications. The findings suggest that incorporating a diabetes-specific formula-based meal replacement could be an effective strategy for managing HbA1c levels, potentially leading to better long-term health outcomes for patients.
Keep in mind
The study did not include a long-term follow-up to assess sustained effects. Sample size and demographic diversity may limit generalizability. The study design did not account for potential confounding factors.
Published in
Journal Reference
Publication details and source links for this paper.
Lew LC, Noorlaili MT, Arimi FML, et al. Efficacy of a Diabetes-Specific Formula-Based Partial Meal Replacement in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism. 2025;27(8):4167-4180. doi:10.1111/dom.16446
Main Effects
The treatment group had a mean HbA1c reduction of −0.83%, significantly greater than the control group's −0.19% (MD: −0.63%; p < 0.001).
61.4% of the treatment group achieved a clinically significant HbA1c reduction (≥0.5%) compared to 42.3% in the control group (p = 0.023).
Fasting plasma glucose levels significantly improved in the treatment group compared to controls.
Evidence network
How this study fits
Understand where this research contributes within the broader evidence network.
Evidence Context
This study contributes evidence to PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation, mHealth dietary education intervention and Adiponectin, Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), HbA1c, and 2 more.
This study contributes evidence to
Primary intervention
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation
Primary outcomes
- Adiponectin
- Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
- HbA1c
Evidence topics
Primary intervention
Primary outcomes
Evidence relationships
Intervention and outcome relationships this study adds to the evidence network.
6
Evidence pairs
6
Relationships
3
Evidence topics
contributes_evidence
Editorial context
Why this study matters
See why this paper is useful beyond its individual results.
Evidence network role
This section describes how the study fits into the current evidence network. It does not determine whether an intervention works on its own.
Moderate contributionModerate confidenceNetwork score: 72
3
Related topics
6
Evidence pairs
960
Related studies
High relevance in at least one topic
Why it is useful
- Contributes to 6 evidence relationships
- Includes primary outcome data
- Linked to 3 direct semantic evidence topics
Topic contributions
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
Evidence topic
Contributes evidence
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Primary evidence
Evidence topic
Dietary Patterns
matched_intervention_and_outcome
Related evidence
Evidence topic
HbA1c Reduction
Save evidence
Core evidence
Study findings
The primary outcomes reported in this study.
Adiponectin
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Adiponectin
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Adiponectin
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerFasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerInsulin
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Insulin
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Insulin
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerProportion of participants achieving ≥0.5% reduction in HbA1c
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Proportion of participants achieving ≥0.5% reduction in HbA1c
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation → Proportion of participants achieving ≥0.5% reduction in HbA1c
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
Add to Evidence TrackerEvidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Evidence Suggest
- HbA1c levels decreased by −0.63% more in the treatment group (p < 0.001).
- 61.4% of participants in the treatment group achieved significant HbA1c reduction (p = 0.023).
- Fasting plasma glucose levels improved significantly in the treatment group.
Who this applies to
- Adults diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes.
- Individuals seeking dietary interventions to manage blood sugar levels.
Keep in Mind
- Results may not apply to populations outside the study's demographic.
- The study focused on short-term outcomes; long-term effects remain unclear.
- Further research is needed to explore the impact of confounding variables.
Between the Lines
- The study did not include a long-term follow-up to assess sustained effects.
- Sample size and demographic diversity may limit generalizability.
- The study design did not account for potential confounding factors.
Evidence Library
Build your evidence library
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Connected Evidence
Explore related studies, evidence collections, and research questions.
Relationships organized using the Dediabetes Evidence Intelligence™ framework.
This study contributes to evidence on mHealth dietary education intervention and HbA1c, PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation and Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers.
Related evidence relationships
Explore in Evidence ExplorerThis study contributes to the evidence on the following intervention-outcome relationships.
Diet and Nutrition
mHealth dietary education intervention → HbA1c
Diet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 50
- Neutral
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceDiet and Nutrition
Evidence Intelligence™
- EvidenceScore™
- Emerging
- Score 59 · Based on 1 study
- ImpactScore™
- 100
- Very Positive
- ConsistencyScore™
- unclear
- Not enough independent studies
Supporting studies: Based on 1 study
View evidenceIncluded in these evidence collections
Curated evidence collections and hubs this study is part of.
Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers Evidence Hub
All studies measuring Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures Adipokine and Angiogenic Markers as a key outcome.
HbA1c Evidence Hub
All studies measuring HbA1c
1 studies
outcome_hubMeasures HbA1c as a key outcome.
mHealth dietary education intervention Evidence Hub
All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to mHealth dietary education intervention evidence base.
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation Evidence Hub
All studies on PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation
1 studies
intervention_hubContributes to PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation evidence base.
Recent Diabetes Research
Latest published studies
recency_collection
Published within the last 2 years.
Explore more in Evidence Explorer
Jump to pre-filtered views in Evidence Explorer.
All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention and HbA1c
Intervention: mHealth dietary education interventionOutcome: HbA1c
1 results
All studies on PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation and Adiponectin
Intervention: PMR with DSF plus dietary consultationOutcome: Adiponectin
1 results
All studies on mHealth dietary education intervention
Intervention: mHealth dietary education intervention
1 results
All studies on PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation
Intervention: PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation
1 results
All studies measuring HbA1c
Outcome: HbA1c
1 results
Questions answered by this study
Generated from the study's connected evidence using Evidence Intelligence™.
Does PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation improve adiponectin?
Emerging Evidence
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation appears to improve Adiponectin.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Adiponectin
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation improve fasting plasma glucose (fpg)?
Emerging Evidence
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation appears to improve Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG).
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation improve HbA1c?
Emerging Evidence
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation appears to improve HbA1c.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
HbA1c
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Does PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation improve insulin?
Emerging Evidence
PMR with DSF plus dietary consultation appears to improve Insulin.
ConsistencyScore™: Consistency cannot yet be determined from the available evidence.
Ranked evidence signals
- 1
Insulin
EvidenceScore™ Emerging | EvidenceScore™ 59.0 | strong positive | ConsistencyScore™ Unclear | 1 study
Why this answer: This answer is based on a single supporting study.
Limitations
- Only one supporting study is available.
- Consistency cannot yet be determined.
- Population details are unavailable.
Next steps
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